Metabolic Health
Research on metabolism, blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic syndrome.
Quick Answer
What it is
Research on metabolism, blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic syndrome.
Key findings
- Grade A: Blood glucose (Beta-glucans)
- Grade A: Growth Hormone Release (Ipamorelin)
- Grade A: Insulin Sensitivity (MOTS-c)
Safety
- No adverse effect on insulin sensitivity
ℹ️ Quick Facts
Quick Facts: Metabolic Health
- Supplements Studied:139
- Grade A Supplements:1
- Top Supplement:Beta-glucans (A)
139 supps · 975 outcomes
Supplements for Metabolic Health
Sorted by strength of evidence
Detailed Outcomes
Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
A
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement
98 studies538 participants
moderate↓Improves
A
Growth Hormone Release
Ipamorelin potently stimulates growth hormone release in a dose-dependent manner, with effects comparable to GHRP-6 but without affecting cortisol or ACTH levels.
large↑Improves
A
Insulin Sensitivity
MOTS-c treatment prevented age-dependent and high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. Human studies show plasma MOTS-c levels correlate positively with insulin sensitivity in lean individuals.
large↑Improves
A
Glucose Metabolism
MOTS-c improves glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle by enhancing GLUT4 translocation via AMPK activation, reducing hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in diet-induced obese mice.
large↓Improves
A
Growth Hormone Release
Tesamorelin stimulates significant increases in endogenous pulsatile GH secretion, with preserved physiological release patterns.
large↑Improves
A
IGF-1 Levels
Treatment produces significant increases in IGF-1 levels, mediating downstream metabolic and cognitive effects.
moderate↑Worsens
A
Growth Hormone Release
Sermorelin nearly doubled 12-hour mean GH release in elderly men and elevated peak GH amplitude. Effects were sustained with the majority of GH release preserved at night in physiological patterns.
large↑Improves
A
IGF-1 Levels
Sermorelin elevated IGF-1 levels in elderly men in a dose-dependent manner, approaching levels seen in younger men. Elevations persisted for 2 weeks after stopping treatment.
moderate↑Worsens
B
Insulin Sensitivity
A significant increase in insulin sensitivity occurred in elderly men (P < 0.05) following 4 months of GHRH analog treatment, though not in women.
moderate↑Improves
B
Blood glucose
Mixed effect
85 studies2750 participants
?
Insulin
57 studies2750 participants
↑Worsens
B
Anemia Risk
Small Improvement
69 studies34564 participants
small↓Improves
?
Iron Deficiency Risk
48 studies34564 participants
↑Worsens
?
Iron Deficiency Anemia Risk
27 studies34564 participants
↑Worsens
?
Ferritin
8 studies1170 participants
↑Improves
?
Hemoglobin
8 studies1120 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Iron
2 studies67 participants
↑Improves
?
Total Iron Binding Capacity
2 studies67 participants
↑Improves
?
Transferrin
2 studies334 participants
↑Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
33 studies586 participants
small↓Improves
?
Ketone Bodies
33 studies586 participants
↑Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
19 studies962 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
9 studies523 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
9 studies575 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
8 studies591 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
17 studies1072 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
15 studies1072 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
14 studies1072 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
10 studies1072 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
9 studies1072 participants
↑Worsens
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
14 studies838 participants
small↓Improves
B
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
14 studies1482 participants
small↓Improves
?
Serum Folate
27 studies2341 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
8 studies1021 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
7 studies962 participants
↓Improves
B
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Improvement
9 studies291 participants
small↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
11 studies334 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
11 studies334 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
10 studies311 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
7 studies450 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
7 studies671 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
6 studies433 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
6 studies424 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
6 studies433 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
6 studies433 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
5 studies363 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
5 studies389 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies363 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
3 studies306 participants
↓Improves
?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
1 study47 participants
↑Improves
?
Luteinizing Hormone
1 study47 participants
↑Improves
?
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
1 study47 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study47 participants
↑Improves
?
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
1 study47 participants
↑Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
7 studies284 participants
small↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
10 studies422 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
9 studies399 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
8 studies316 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
7 studies284 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
6 studies252 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
5 studies229 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies183 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
3 studies143 participants
↓Improves
B
Adiponectin
Moderate Increase
6 studies288 participants
moderate↑Improves
D
Adrenaline
No effect
1 study12 participants
none
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
11 studies616 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
7 studies160 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood glucose
5 studies103 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies46 participants
↑Improves
?
Leptin
3 studies165 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
2 studies37 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies37 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies37 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies37 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein A
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study7 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study7 participants
↓Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study7 participants
↑Improves
?
Glucagon
1 study12 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Ketone Bodies
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study30 participants
↑Worsens
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study7 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Nitrate
1 study7 participants
↑Improves
?
Resistin
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study7 participants
↓Improves
B
Appetite Stimulation
Notable Increase
5 studies140 participants
large↑Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
4 studies215 participants
small↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
4 studies315 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
4 studies415 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
4 studies415 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
4 studies305 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
3 studies231 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies415 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
3 studies255 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies415 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies415 participants
↓Improves
B
Growth Hormone
Small Increase
2 studies15 participants
small↑Improves
C
Fat Oxidation
Small Increase
1 study8 participants
small↑Improves
?
Iron Absorption
2 studies114 participants
↑Improves
B
Adrenaline
Small Increase
2 studies42 participants
small↑Improves
B
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
2 studies108 participants
small↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
4 studies195 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies197 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies156 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies156 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
2 studies108 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies156 participants
↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Glutathione (GSH)
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Glutathione Reductase
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study78 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscular Endurance
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Vitamin C
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study78 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement
2 studies82 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies82 participants
↑Worsens
B
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
2 studies139 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
29 studies702 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
18 studies803 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
17 studies741 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
16 studies753 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
15 studies657 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
12 studies476 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
5 studies124 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
4 studies106 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies182 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Cognition
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
DNA Damage
1 study57 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study57 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Damage
1 study18 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study82 participants
↓Improves
?
Strength
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Waist-Hip Ratio
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study57 participants
↓Improves
B
Metabolic Parameters
Clinical studies suggest improvements in insulin sensitivity and NAFLD indices. Bergamot activates AMPK pathway affecting glucose and lipid metabolism. Some studies show reductions in fasting glucose. More research needed for definitive conclusions.
small↑Improves
B
Insulin Sensitivity
Intra-cerebroventricular and peripheral humanin significantly improved insulin sensitivity in rodent studies, described as one of the most potent insulin-sensitizing agents tested.
large↑Improves
B
Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion
Potent humanin analogs increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through enhanced beta-cell metabolism, with potential applications in diabetes treatment.
moderate↑Worsens
C
Triglycerides
High fructose intake increases blood triglycerides, especially in hypercaloric conditions
15 studies800 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
Uric Acid
Fructose metabolism increases uric acid production
8 studies400 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
Fat Mass Reduction (Animal)
>50% reduction in weight gain in obese mice
4 studies160 participants
large↓Improves
C
Insulin Sensitivity
No adverse effect on insulin sensitivity
3 studies120 participants
none
D
Cholesterol Profile
Small improvement
1 study300 participants
small↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
4 studies334 participants
small↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
15 studies737 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
5 studies416 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies334 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
4 studies235 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
3 studies304 participants
↓Improves
?
Glutathione (GSH)
3 studies194 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies304 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies304 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
3 studies142 participants
↓Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
3 studies194 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
3 studies194 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
3 studies112 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies304 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
3 studies304 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies207 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies207 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
C
Adrenaline
Mixed effect
3 studies32 participants
?
Noradrenaline
3 studies32 participants
↑Improves
?
Dopamine
2 studies20 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
2 studies26 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
1 study14 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Renin Activity
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
C
Oxidative Stress Markers
Small reduction in oxidative stress
3 studies72 participants
small↓Improves
D
Fasting Blood Glucose
Minor reduction in glucose levels
2 studies48 participants
small↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
3 studies144 participants
small↓Improves
?
Muscle Creatine Content
5 studies74 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies70 participants
↑Worsens
?
Testosterone
4 studies99 participants
↑Improves
?
Cortisol
2 studies46 participants
↓Improves
?
Growth Hormone
2 studies46 participants
↑Improves
?
Swimming Performance Metrics
2 studies40 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies48 participants
↓Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study26 participants
↑Improves
?
DHT
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Food Intake
1 study22 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
1 study22 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycogen
1 study22 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycogen Resynthesis
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study26 participants
↑Improves
?
IGF-1
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study108 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study26 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
Urea
1 study26 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
2 studies71 participants
small↓Improves
D
Blood Pressure
No effect
1 study56 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies71 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies71 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies71 participants
↓Improves
?
Estrogen
1 study56 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
1 study56 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study56 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study15 participants
↑Worsens
?
Testosterone
1 study56 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study56 participants
↓Improves
C
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Improvement
2 studies22 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood Acidity
7 studies216 participants
↑Worsens
?
Serum Bicarbonate
6 studies63 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
2 studies22 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies171 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies159 participants
↑Worsens
?
Ketone Bodies
2 studies24 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study153 participants
↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Training Volume
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
C
Thermogenesis
TRPV1 activation increases thermogenesis; modest effect on metabolic rate in humans
2 studies40 participants
small↑Improves
C
Body Fat
Moderate Decrease
1 study57 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study57 participants
↑Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study57 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study57 participants
↓Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
1 study40 participants
small↓Improves
?
Iron Absorption
2 studies28 participants
↑Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Free Testosterone
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum T3
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum T4
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study1674 participants
small↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
24 studies1674 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
23 studies1674 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
23 studies1674 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
23 studies1674 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
12 studies1674 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
11 studies1674 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
7 studies1674 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
7 studies1674 participants
↓Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study0
↓Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Moderate Increase
1 study39 participants
moderate↑Improves
D
Arterial Stiffness
No effect
1 study61 participants
none
C
Body Fat
Small Decrease
1 study30 participants
small↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
C
DNA Damage
Small Improvement
1 study55 participants
small↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study55 participants
↓Improves
C
Fatigue Symptoms
Small Improvement
1 study23 participants
small↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study23 participants
↓Improves
C
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Improvement
1 study31 participants
small↑Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study30 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study17 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Rating of Perceived Exertion
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
C
Cortisol
Mixed effect
1 study71 participants
C
Nitric Oxide
Small Increase
1 study71 participants
small↑Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study15 participants
small↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
2 studies9 participants
none
?
Interleukin 6
6 studies9 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
6 studies9 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
4 studies9 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
2 studies9 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies9 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study15 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
C
Carbohydrate Absorption
Small Decrease
1 study10 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study10 participants
↑Worsens
C
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Improvement
1 study12 participants
small↑Improves
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
1 study171 participants
↑Improves
?
Mineral Bioaccumulation
1 study171 participants
↑Improves
C
Cortisol
Mixed effect
1 study12 participants
?
Ghrelin
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
Leptin
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Prolactin
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study45 participants
small↑Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
1 study30 participants
small↓Improves
C
Interleukin 6
Small Decrease
1 study30 participants
small↓Improves
?
Serum T3
2 studies60 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum T4
2 studies60 participants
↑Improves
?
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
C
Glycemic Control
Small Improvement
1 study30 participants
small↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
C
Anxiety Symptoms
Small Improvement
1 study16 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study197 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study197 participants
↓Improves
?
Depression Symptoms
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Estrogen
1 study16 participants
↑Worsens
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study197 participants
↓Improves
?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Hemoglobin
1 study197 participants
↑Improves
?
Luteinizing Hormone
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Menopausal Symptoms
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Quality of Life
1 study197 participants
↑Improves
?
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Sexual Function
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
C
Inflammation
Small Decrease
1 study8 participants
small↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
C
Cortisol
Mixed effect
1 study27 participants
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
?
Sleep Quality
1 study27 participants
↑Improves
C
LDL Oxidation
Moderate Improvement
1 study19 participants
moderate↓Improves
D
Estrogen
No effect
1 study9 participants
none
?
Testosterone
3 studies33 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study19 participants
↓Improves
?
Parathyroid Hormone
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
C
Appetite
Mixed effect
1 study20 participants
?
Total cholesterol
13 studies550 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
13 studies550 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
12 studies517 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
10 studies366 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
9 studies387 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
8 studies371 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study45 participants
↓Improves
?
DHT
1 study45 participants
↑Improves
?
Estrogen
1 study45 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin
1 study45 participants
↑Worsens
?
Leptin
1 study45 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study45 participants
↑Improves
C
Anxiety Symptoms
Small Improvement
1 study12 participants
small↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Stress Signs and Symptoms
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study8 participants
small↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
9 studies421 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
9 studies421 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
9 studies421 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
8 studies421 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Urea
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Mixed effect
1 study15 participants
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Improvement
1 study15 participants
small↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2 studies27 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Large Improvement
1 study1449 participants
large↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
15 studies1297 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
15 studies1231 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
14 studies1233 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
13 studies1133 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
5 studies471 participants
↓Improves
C
Appetite
Small Decrease
1 study11 participants
small↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
8 studies362 participants
none
?
HbA1c
5 studies362 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
3 studies362 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study76 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study76 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study76 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study76 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study76 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study76 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study76 participants
↓Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study30 participants
small↑Improves
D
Blood Flow
No effect
1 study20 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
22 studies901 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
22 studies1018 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
21 studies939 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
20 studies850 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
19 studies827 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
14 studies768 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
13 studies807 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
12 studies648 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
10 studies617 participants
↓Improves
?
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
9 studies133 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
8 studies481 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
6 studies246 participants
↓Improves
?
Gastric Emptying Rate
5 studies81 participants
↓Worsens
?
Total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio
3 studies161 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies50 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies100 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study70 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study70 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small improvement in blood glucose
1 study40 participants
small↓Improves
C
Inflammation
Small Decrease
1 study8 participants
small↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
1 study24 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
3 studies60 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies154 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Fat
2 studies130 participants
↓Improves
?
Estrogen
2 studies36 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies36 participants
↓Improves
?
Testosterone
2 studies36 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies142 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
IGF-1
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study24 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Mass
1 study118 participants
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum DHEA
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study52 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
?
DNA Damage
1 study52 participants
↑Worsens
C
LDL Oxidation
Small Improvement
1 study69 participants
small↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study21 participants
↓Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study12 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
37 studies2467 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
22 studies1766 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
20 studies1631 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
16 studies1449 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
9 studies891 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
6 studies337 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
4 studies169 participants
↓Improves
?
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
4 studies40 participants
↑Improves
?
Free Fatty Acids
3 studies35 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
3 studies61 participants
↓Improves
?
Carbohydrate Oxidation
2 studies23 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies38 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
2 studies27 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
2 studies40 participants
↑Worsens
?
Metabolic Rate
2 studies20 participants
↑Improves
?
Basophil Count
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Bilirubin
1 study10 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Flow
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
1 study12 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Fat
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Peptide
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycerol
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Hematocrit
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Hemoglobin
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Hydration (Total Body Water)
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Ketone Bodies
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Monocyte Count
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS)
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Nitrate
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Rating of Perceived Exertion
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Albumin
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Urea
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
C
Fat Oxidation
Small Increase
1 study12 participants
small↑Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
C
Food Intake
Small Decrease
1 study51 participants
small↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2 studies44 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Improvement
1 study30 participants
small↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study12 participants
small↓Improves
C
Fat Oxidation
Small Increase
1 study10 participants
small↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study12 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Moderate Decrease
1 study8 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
Cognition
Small Improvement
1 study18 participants
small↑Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Processing Accuracy
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
C
Apolipoprotein A
Small Decrease
1 study115 participants
small↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study115 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study115 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study115 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study115 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study115 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study115 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study115 participants
↓Improves
C
Muscle Damage
Small Decrease
1 study18 participants
small↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
C
DNA Damage
Small Improvement
1 study40 participants
small↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunity
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study40 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
31 studies1819 participants
none
?
Insulin
25 studies1819 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
14 studies1819 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
10 studies1819 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
6 studies313 participants
↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
3 studies50 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies42 participants
↓Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
2 studies31 participants
↑Improves
?
Estrogen
1 study103 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
Iron Absorption
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study103 participants
↓Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study103 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
9 studies523 participants
none
D
Adiponectin
No effect
7 studies284 participants
none
?
Leptin
4 studies284 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
7 studies513 participants
none
?
Triglycerides
9 studies513 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
8 studies513 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
7 studies513 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum NAD+ Levels
7 studies513 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies513 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
6 studies513 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
5 studies513 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies513 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
4 studies513 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
4 studies9 participants
none
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
3 studies9 participants
none
?
HbA1c
2 studies9 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies9 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
1 study9 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study9 participants
↓Improves
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
3 studies152 participants
none
D
Interleukin 6
No effect
1 study44 participants
none
D
Blood glucose
No effect
2 studies1023 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
10 studies569 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
10 studies569 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
9 studies525 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
9 studies525 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
7 studies338 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
7 studies457 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
5 studies296 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
5 studies318 participants
↑Worsens
?
TNF-Alpha
5 studies241 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
4 studies296 participants
↓Improves
?
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
3 studies296 participants
↑Worsens
?
sE-Selectin
3 studies296 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Adhesion Protein-1
3 studies296 participants
↑Improves
?
Waist circumference
3 studies116 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
2 studies318 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study318 participants
↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study14 participants
none
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study215 participants
none
?
Kidney Function
1 study215 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study215 participants
↑Worsens
D
Anaerobic Capacity
No effect
1 study15 participants
none
?
Exercise-induced Stress Response
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Intestinal Permeability
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Rating of Perceived Exertion
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study50 participants
none
?
Insulin Resistance
13 studies1132 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
7 studies364 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
6 studies252 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
6 studies314 participants
↑Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
5 studies458 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
5 studies242 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
5 studies304 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies304 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
3 studies193 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
3 studies193 participants
↑Worsens
?
Cortisol
2 studies36 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies143 participants
↑Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study6 participants
↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study6 participants
↑Improves
?
Fructosamine
1 study19 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 1-beta
1 study77 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 2
1 study77 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 5
1 study77 participants
↑Improves
?
Leukotriene B4
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Leukotriene B5
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study6 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study6 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Prostaglandin J2a
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Thromboxane B2
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study77 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study6 participants
↓Improves
D
Free Testosterone
No effect
1 study30 participants
none
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study14 participants
none
D
Anaerobic Capacity
No effect
1 study18 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
45 studies2616 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
42 studies2387 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
42 studies2443 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
41 studies2409 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
38 studies2157 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
28 studies1505 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
26 studies1831 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
25 studies1501 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
23 studies1145 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
21 studies1234 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
21 studies880 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
17 studies721 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
16 studies988 participants
↓Improves
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
16 studies694 participants
↑Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
14 studies835 participants
↑Improves
?
Exercise-Induced Oxidation
2 studies41 participants
↑Worsens
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Exercise Capacity
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
Sperm Count
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Sperm Quality
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study39 participants
none
D
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
No effect
1 study7 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
21 studies875 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
9 studies488 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
9 studies233 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
5 studies112 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
3 studies31 participants
↓Improves
?
Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression
3 studies31 participants
↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies476 participants
↓Improves
?
DNA Damage
2 studies73 participants
↑Worsens
?
Exercise-Induced Oxidation
2 studies23 participants
↑Worsens
?
Plasma Vitamin C
2 studies89 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study34 participants
↑Improves
?
Exercise Adaptations
1 study39 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study21 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study80 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study6 participants
↓Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Mineral Bioaccumulation
1 study45 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscle Damage
1 study16 participants
↑Worsens
?
Plasma Vitamin E
1 study80 participants
↑Improves
?
Protection from Smoking
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Resistin
1 study80 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
D
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
No effect
1 study10 participants
none
?
Cortisol
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Growth Hormone
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Prolactin
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study25 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
5 studies112 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies87 participants
↑Worsens
?
Weight
4 studies159 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
3 studies143 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
3 studies143 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies48 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
1 study16 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycogen
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycogen Resynthesis
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study20 participants
none
D
Glycemic Control
No effect
1 study20 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study20 participants
↑Worsens
?
Leptin
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study31 participants
none
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies74 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Estrogen
1 study43 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study31 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
1 study43 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study43 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study59 participants
none
D
Appetite
No effect
1 study62 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
8 studies367 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
8 studies309 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
6 studies303 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
6 studies139 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
5 studies167 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
5 studies198 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
5 studies278 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
5 studies229 participants
↓Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
4 studies183 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
3 studies103 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
3 studies132 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
3 studies122 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study75 participants
↓Improves
?
DNA Damage
1 study24 participants
↑Worsens
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Leptin
1 study44 participants
↑Improves
D
Alertness
No effect
1 study50 participants
none
D
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
No effect
1 study18 participants
none
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
DNA Damage
1 study18 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunity
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study18 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study18 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study18 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum T4
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
D
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
No effect
1 study88 participants
none
?
Serum T4
5 studies351 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies368 participants
↓Improves
?
Bleeding Time
4 studies319 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
4 studies167 participants
↑Worsens
?
Serum T3
4 studies323 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
4 studies332 participants
↓Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
3 studies148 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
2 studies120 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies72 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
2 studies47 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies124 participants
↓Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
2 studies216 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2 studies72 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies120 participants
↓Improves
?
Arterial Stiffness
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
?
Bilirubin
1 study88 participants
↑Worsens
?
Hematocrit
1 study88 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study88 participants
↑Improves
?
Homocysteine
1 study88 participants
↓Improves
?
Immunity
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Cobalamin
1 study88 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Folate
1 study88 participants
↑Improves
?
Sexual Function
1 study184 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood Pressure
No effect on blood pressure
1 study16 participants
none
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
1 study124 participants
none
D
Kidney Function
No effect (but limited data)
1 study36 participants
none
?
Liver Enzymes
Small Detriment (elevation = harm)
1 study36 participants
small↓Improves
D
Estrogen
No effect on estrogen
1 study17 participants
none
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study42 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
9 studies1548 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
8 studies1548 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
8 studies1548 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
7 studies1548 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
7 studies1548 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
6 studies1548 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
6 studies1548 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
5 studies1548 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
5 studies1548 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
3 studies1548 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies421 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies421 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study439 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Osteoprotegerin
1 study379 participants
↑Improves
?
Waist circumference
1 study439 participants
↓Improves
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
1 study42 participants
none
?
Homocysteine
3 studies172 participants
↓Improves
?
Ferritin
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study42 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study10 participants
none
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study10 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
TMAO
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study42 participants
none
D
Ammonia
No effect
1 study10 participants
none
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study34 participants
none
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies58 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study34 participants
↓Improves
?
Growth Hormone
1 study34 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study34 participants
↑Worsens
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study58 participants
none
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study58 participants
↓Improves
?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
1 study58 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study58 participants
↑Worsens
?
Microbiome
1 study58 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study58 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study58 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study17 participants
none
?
Insulin
3 studies37 participants
↑Worsens
?
Growth Hormone
2 studies25 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Glutamine
2 studies29 participants
↑Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
?
IGF-1
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS)
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Arginine
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Urea
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
D
Anaerobic Capacity
No effect
1 study51 participants
none
?
Testosterone
2 studies20 participants
↑Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
IGF-1
1 study51 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin A
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood Pressure
Trend toward BP reduction; not statistically significant
1 study25 participants
small↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect on blood glucose
1 study18243 participants
none
D
Adrenaline
No effect
1 study14 participants
none
?
Growth Hormone
2 studies18 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study14 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Exercise-Induced Oxidation
1 study20 participants
↑Worsens
?
Heart Rate
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Damage
1 study20 participants
↑Worsens
?
Noradrenaline
1 study14 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Prolactin
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study23 participants
none
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study80 participants
none
?
Triglycerides
54 studies3364 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
49 studies3048 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
49 studies2789 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
30 studies1716 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
21 studies1329 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
20 studies1186 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
18 studies1087 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
17 studies1005 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
17 studies1276 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
17 studies1025 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
15 studies1196 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
13 studies822 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
9 studies529 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
7 studies581 participants
↑Worsens
?
Heart Rate
6 studies156 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
6 studies152 participants
↑Improves
?
Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase
4 studies230 participants
↑Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Arterial Stiffness
1 study44 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study44 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study80 participants
↑Improves
?
Iron Absorption
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
?
Prostate Cancer Risk
1 study85 participants
↓Improves
?
Prostate-Specific Antigen
1 study85 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
D
Body Fat
No effect
1 study20 participants
none
D
Estrogen
No effect
1 study20 participants
none
?
Testosterone
2 studies44 participants
↑Improves
?
Free Testosterone
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
D
DNA Damage
No effect
1 study39 participants
none
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study39 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood Pressure
No effect
1 study15 participants
none
?
Creatine Kinase
1 study12 participants
↑Worsens
?
Heart Rate
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Damage
1 study12 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Oxygenation
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
D
Body Fat
No effect
1 study14 participants
none
?
Weight
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study20 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
10 studies439 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
10 studies439 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
10 studies439 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
7 studies253 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies570 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
5 studies115 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
5 studies77 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Flow
4 studies100 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
4 studies61 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
4 studies98 participants
↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
3 studies83 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
3 studies76 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
3 studies84 participants
↓Improves
?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
2 studies34 participants
↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies41 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
2 studies34 participants
↓Improves
?
Exercise-Induced Oxidation
2 studies34 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies34 participants
↓Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
2 studies34 participants
↑Improves
?
Platelet Aggregation
2 studies148 participants
↑Worsens
?
Rating of Perceived Exertion
2 studies34 participants
↑Improves
?
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Anaerobic Capacity
1 study14 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
1 study14 participants
↑Worsens
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Glucagon
1 study20 participants
↑Worsens
?
Homocysteine
1 study19 participants
↓Improves
?
IL-1Ra
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 10
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Leptin
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Vitamin E
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study19 participants
↓Improves
D
B Cell Count
No effect
1 study12 participants
none
?
Infant Death Risk
1 study2399 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Pre-Eclampsia Risk
1 study2399 participants
↑Worsens
?
T Cell Count
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
D
Bilirubin
No effect
1 study124 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
1 study124 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study124 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study124 participants
↓Improves
?
Hematocrit
1 study124 participants
↑Improves
?
Hemoglobin
1 study124 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study124 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study124 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study124 participants
↓Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study124 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study10 participants
none
?
Carbohydrate Oxidation
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
11 studies618 participants
↑Improves
?
Homocysteine
2 studies29 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies30 participants
↑Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study4 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study9 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
Small Detriment
1 study12 participants
small
?
Exercise Tolerance
1 study13 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study12 participants
↑Worsens
?
Estrogen
1 study8 participants
↑Worsens
?
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Detriment
1 study16 participants
small
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycogen
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Exercise Performance During Hypoxia
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study19 participants
↑Improves
Research Citations (100)
Related Conditions
78 shared supplements · outcomes
Type 2 Diabetes
62 shared supplements · 868 outcomes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and pancreas cells and an inability of the pancreas to manufacture enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. T2D is strongly associated with excess body fat, and weight loss induced by lifestyle changes is extremely effective for treating T2D.
Weight Loss & Maintenance
48 shared supplements · 433 outcomes
This goal refers to people with a BMI >25 attempting to reach/maintain their ideal weight. While interventions that work for people with a BMI >25 may also work for people with a lower BMI, the context is often sufficiently different that this isn't assured.
High Cholesterol
48 shared supplements · 553 outcomes
High amounts of low-density lipoproteins cause fatty plaques to build up in the arteries, which restricts blood flow and can cause health problems like a heart attack. Lifestyle factors (e.g., poor diet, smoking) and genetics play a huge role in blood cholesterol levels.
General Athletic Performance
48 shared supplements · 656 outcomes
General athletic performance refers to an individual's ability to perform in various sports and physical activities, including strength, speed, endurance, and agility.
Obesity
46 shared supplements · 525 outcomes
Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used. Obesity treatment usually involves restricting the calories eaten or creating a negative calorie balance.
High Blood Pressure
44 shared supplements · 393 outcomes
High blood pressure is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. High blood pressure is often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, although it can result from other medical conditions as well.
Immune Health
37 shared supplements · 409 outcomes
Immune health refers to the body's ability to resist potentially harmful microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria, and includes both innate and acquired immunity.