High Cholesterol
High amounts of low-density lipoproteins cause fatty plaques to build up in the arteries, which restricts blood flow and can cause health problems like a heart attack. Lifestyle factors (e.g., poor diet, smoking) and genetics play a huge role in blood cholesterol levels.
Quick Answer
What it is
High amounts of low-density lipoproteins cause fatty plaques to build up in the arteries, which restricts blood flow and can cause health problems like a heart attack. Lifestyle factors (e.g., poor diet, smoking) and genetics play a huge role in blood cholesterol levels.
Key findings
- Grade A: LDL Cholesterol (Black Seed Oil)
- Grade A: Total Cholesterol (Black Seed Oil)
- Grade A: Blood glucose (Beta-glucans)
Safety
No specific caution or interaction language was detected in the current summary/outcome notes.
ℹ️ Quick Facts
Quick Facts: High Cholesterol
- Supplements Studied:71
- Research Trials:155
- Total Participants:95,263
- Grade A Supplements:4
- Top Supplement:Triphala (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica) (A)
155 trials
95,263 participantsppts
71 supps · 553 outcomes
Evidence-Based Protocol
Supplement stack ranked by research quality
Primary Stack (Tier 1)
2-3g daily with meals
Structurally similar to cholesterol, they compete for intestinal absorption, reducing dietary and biliary cholesterol uptake
40 studies | 4,000 participants
3g beta-glucan or 10g psyllium daily
Binds bile acids, increasing hepatic LDL receptor expression to clear more cholesterol from blood
35 studies | 2,500 participants
Supporting Stack (Tier 2)
1200-2400mg daily (standardized to 3-10mg monacolin K)
Contains monacolin K (natural lovastatin) that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis
20 studies | 2,000 participants
500mg 2-3x daily with meals
Inhibits PCSK9 to increase LDL receptor expression and activates AMPK to reduce cholesterol synthesis
20 studies | 1,800 participants
2-4g EPA/DHA daily (for triglycerides)
Primarily lowers triglycerides; modest effect on raising HDL; little direct LDL-lowering effect
40 studies | 3,500 participants
1-2g extended-release daily (with physician monitoring)
Raises HDL cholesterol significantly while lowering LDL and triglycerides
25 studies | 3,000 participants
How It Works
High cholesterol, particularly elevated LDL ('bad cholesterol'), is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Cholesterol comes from two sources: dietary intake and liver production. This protocol addresses both pathways while also supporting HDL ('good cholesterol').
•Plant Sterols/Stanols are one of the most effective natural cholesterol-lowering supplements. These plant compounds are structurally similar to cholesterol, so they compete with cholesterol for absorption in your intestines. Taking 2-3g daily can reduce LDL by 6-15%. They're often found fortified in margarine spreads, yogurt drinks, and standalone supplements.
•Soluble Fiber (Beta-glucan/Psyllium) works by binding bile acids in your intestine. Your liver then has to use more cholesterol to make new bile acids, reducing the cholesterol circulating in your blood. The FDA allows health claims for oat beta-glucan—just 3g daily (about 1.5 cups of oatmeal) can lower LDL by 5-10%. Psyllium works similarly.
•Red Yeast Rice contains monacolin K, which is chemically identical to the prescription statin lovastatin. It can lower LDL by 15-25%. However, because it works like a statin, it has similar precautions—potential for muscle problems and liver effects. Quality varies greatly between products, and some may contain contaminants.
•Berberine is a remarkable compound that lowers LDL by 20-25%—comparable to a low-dose statin—but through a different mechanism. It inhibits PCSK9, which increases the number of LDL receptors on liver cells, helping clear more cholesterol from your blood. It also lowers triglycerides and blood sugar.
•Omega-3 Fatty Acids primarily lower triglycerides (by 15-30%) rather than LDL. However, they're important for overall cardiovascular health and can raise HDL modestly. Higher doses (2-4g) are needed for significant lipid effects.
•Niacin (Vitamin B3) is the most effective supplement for raising HDL—increases of 15-35% are common. It also lowers LDL and triglycerides. However, it causes uncomfortable flushing in most people, and extended-release forms are better tolerated.
Expected timeline: LDL reductions from fiber and plant sterols appear within 4-6 weeks. Berberine and red yeast rice effects visible in 4-8 weeks. Retest your lipid panel after 8-12 weeks of supplementation.
Generated from peer-reviewed researchSchema v2.0
Supplements for High Cholesterol
Sorted by strength of evidence
Detailed Outcomes
Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
A
LDL Cholesterol
Meta-analysis (2024): Large LDL-C reduction (SMD -2.45, 95% CI -3.06 to -1.85, p<0.001). T2DM meta-analysis: LDL reduced by -19.53 mg/dL (p=0.003).
34 studies2278 participants
large↓Improves
A
Total Cholesterol
Meta-analysis: Significant TC reduction (SMD -1.78, 95% CI -2.20 to -1.37, p<0.001). T2DM meta-analysis: TC reduced by -18.80 mg/dL (p=0.04).
34 studies2278 participants
large↓Improves
B
Triglycerides
Meta-analysis: Significant TG reduction (SMD -1.27, 95% CI -1.67 to -0.83, p<0.001). Oil form more effective than powder.
34 studies2278 participants
moderate↓Improves
A
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement
12 studies603 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
Insulin
6 studies603 participants
↑Worsens
A
Lipid Profile Improvement
Systematic review (12 studies, n=749): Six studies showed significant reductions in LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. 12-month trial in T2DM patients: Triphala 5g twice daily significantly reduced lipid levels (p<0.05). Mechanism involves inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and enhancement of bile acid excretion.
moderate↓Improves
A
LDL Cholesterol Reduction
Systematic review (12 studies): 75% showed significant LDL-C decreases of 7.6-40.8%. Network meta-analysis of phytochemicals: Bergamot most effective for LDL reduction. Mechanism via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition by melitidin and brutieridin, structurally similar to statin HMG component.
large↓Improves
A
Total Cholesterol Reduction
Systematic review: Total cholesterol decreased 12.3-31.3% across studies. Network meta-analysis ranked bergamot as most effective phytochemical for TC reduction. Multiple RCTs confirm significant reductions vs placebo at doses 150-1500mg/day for 30 days to 12 weeks.
large↓Improves
A
Triglyceride Reduction
Systematic review: Triglycerides decreased 11.5-39.5% across included studies. Effect appears dose-dependent. Network meta-analysis confirmed bergamot's efficacy for TG reduction compared to other nutraceuticals.
moderate↓Improves
B
HDL Cholesterol Increase
Systematic review: 8 of 12 studies reported significant HDL-C improvements. Results varied with some showing no change and others noting 1-6.5% reductions. Network meta-analysis found bergamot increased HDL compared to other phytochemicals.
small↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Mixed effect
21 studies890 participants
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
21 studies935 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
20 studies904 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
20 studies879 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
19 studies874 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
16 studies1000 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
11 studies471 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Fat
1 study70 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study70 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study70 participants
↓Improves
B
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Improvement
12 studies741 participants
small↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
14 studies848 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
12 studies741 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
8 studies435 participants
↓Improves
B
Apolipoprotein B
Small Improvement
2 studies65 participants
small↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study705 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
10 studies569 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
10 studies569 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
9 studies525 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
9 studies525 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
7 studies338 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
7 studies302 participants
↑Worsens
?
Weight
7 studies457 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
5 studies241 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
3 studies116 participants
↓Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study25 participants
↑Worsens
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
2 studies148 participants
small↓Improves
C
Carbohydrate Absorption
Small Decrease
1 study20 participants
small↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
5 studies3810 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies1758 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies1866 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies1845 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study20 participants
↑Worsens
?
Uric Acid
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study128 participants
↓Improves
C
Total Cholesterol
Meta-analysis: Modest reduction in total cholesterol (5-8%) and LDL. Mechanism via bile acid binding.
12 studies800 participants
small↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
4 studies216 participants
small↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies1157 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
4 studies216 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
4 studies216 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies166 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
3 studies166 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies99 participants
↓Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study65 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study941 participants
↓Improves
?
Plasma Vitamin C
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Urea
1 study65 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
3 studies309 participants
small↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
28 studies1539 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
28 studies1539 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
27 studies1539 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
26 studies1539 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies309 participants
↓Improves
C
LDL Cholesterol
Limited older studies suggest modest cholesterol reduction via bile acid binding. Not considered a primary treatment.
3 studies100 participants
small↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
2 studies144 participants
small↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies184 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
3 studies184 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies184 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
2 studies144 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies94 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
2 studies144 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies144 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study54 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study90 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study90 participants
↓Improves
?
Depression Symptoms
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study90 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study90 participants
↓Improves
?
Intraocular Pressure
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study90 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study90 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study90 participants
↑Improves
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Detriment
2 studies137 participants
small
C
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Small Detriment
2 studies137 participants
small
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies137 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies137 participants
↓Improves
?
vLDL-C
1 study103 participants
↓Improves
C
Glycemic Control
Small Improvement
2 studies100 participants
small↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
5 studies200 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
6 studies270 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
6 studies270 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies270 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
6 studies270 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies100 participants
↑Worsens
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
1 study18 participants
small↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study116 participants
none
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
11 studies775 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies209 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
3 studies209 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies191 participants
↑Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study18 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study116 participants
↑Worsens
C
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
1 study80 participants
small↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study80 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Improvement
1 study400 participants
small↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study400 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study400 participants
↓Improves
C
Apolipoprotein A
Small Increase
1 study101 participants
small↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies153 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies153 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies153 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies153 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study101 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study101 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study101 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study101 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study101 participants
↑Worsens
?
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
1 study52 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study101 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement
1 study88 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study88 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study88 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
1 study88 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study88 participants
↑Worsens
C
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Moderate Improvement
1 study30 participants
moderate↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study30 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Moderate Decrease
1 study36 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Improvement
1 study36 participants
small↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study36 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
?
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1
1 study36 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
C
Apolipoprotein B
Small Improvement
1 study17 participants
small↓Improves
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Improvement
1 study17 participants
small↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
1 study30 participants
small↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study30 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies41 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
C
Body Fat
Small Decrease
1 study165 participants
small↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study165 participants
↓Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study165 participants
↑Improves
?
Parathyroid Hormone
1 study165 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study165 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study165 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study165 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study12 participants
small↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
C
Apolipoprotein B
Small Improvement
1 study10 participants
small↓Improves
C
Cell Adhesion Factors
Small Decrease
1 study43 participants
small↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
2 studies53 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies53 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies53 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
HIV Viral Load
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study10 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Mixed effect
1 study4229 participants
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies822 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies76 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies76 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies76 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies76 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study78 participants
small↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
4 studies189 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4 studies189 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
4 studies189 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
4 studies189 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
2 studies59 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies88 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies75 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study78 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study36 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study78 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study78 participants
↓Improves
?
vLDL-C
1 study23 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Large Improvement
1 study116 participants
large↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies13692 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies13692 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study116 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study116 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study13576 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study116 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study13576 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study50 participants
small↓Improves
D
Blood Pressure
No effect
1 study50 participants
none
?
HbA1c
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Urea
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
1 study40 participants
small↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
1 study589 participants
small↓Improves
D
Blood Flow
No effect
1 study66 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
8 studies1100 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
8 studies1100 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
8 studies1100 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
4 studies828 participants
↓Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study21 participants
↓Improves
C
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
Moderate Decrease
1 study25 participants
moderate↓Improves
D
Total cholesterol
No effect
1 study25 participants
none
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study16 participants
small↓Improves
?
Ketone Bodies
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study17 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies34 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies34 participants
↓Improves
?
Plasmalogens
2 studies34 participants
↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study30 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Fibrinogen
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Moderate Increase
1 study38 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
9 studies493 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
9 studies493 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
9 studies483 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
9 studies495 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
6 studies329 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
5 studies336 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
4 studies218 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies148 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies212 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies128 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
2 studies128 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies160 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Fat
2 studies132 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein A
1 study80 participants
↑Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study38 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study48 participants
↑Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study48 participants
↓Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study38 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study38 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study80 participants
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study48 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
1 study40 participants
small↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies74 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies74 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study34 participants
↓Improves
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Moderate Improvement
1 study120 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study120 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study120 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study120 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study113 participants
small↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies199 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
6 studies199 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
4 studies129 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4 studies129 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
3 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
3 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
3 studies135 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
3 studies113 participants
↓Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study61 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study61 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study61 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study61 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study61 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
1 study61 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study61 participants
↑Worsens
?
Weight
1 study61 participants
↑Worsens
C
Apolipoprotein A
Small Increase
1 study27 participants
small↑Improves
?
Fibrinogen
1 study27 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study27 participants
↑Improves
?
Homocysteine
1 study27 participants
↑Worsens
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study27 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study27 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study27 participants
↑Worsens
?
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1
1 study27 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study27 participants
↑Worsens
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Improvement
1 study85 participants
small↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study85 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
1 study85 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study85 participants
↑Worsens
D
Blood glucose
No effect
10 studies521 participants
none
?
Triglycerides
21 studies1087 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
20 studies1008 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
20 studies998 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
19 studies982 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
7 studies1203 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study4229 participants
↑Worsens
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
5 studies643 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
14 studies643 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
14 studies643 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
13 studies643 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
13 studies643 participants
↑Worsens
?
TNF-Alpha
3 studies643 participants
↑Worsens
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
4 studies291 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies561 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
5 studies477 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
5 studies477 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4 studies445 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
3 studies216 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
3 studies398 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
3 studies398 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
3 studies398 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies259 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies323 participants
↑Worsens
?
Lipoprotein(a)
2 studies323 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study229 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study84 participants
↓Improves
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study84 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study229 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study30 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Mass
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
1 study47 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
3 studies255 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
13 studies797 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
12 studies797 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
12 studies797 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
12 studies797 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
12 studies797 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
10 studies797 participants
↓Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
2 studies147 participants
none
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study31 participants
none
?
Triglycerides
47 studies15492 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
46 studies16511 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
43 studies15106 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
39 studies14009 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
7 studies268 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
5 studies200 participants
↑Worsens
?
vLDL-C
5 studies134 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
4 studies174 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
4 studies252 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
3 studies104 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
3 studies153 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
3 studies153 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
3 studies114 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Flow
2 studies91 participants
↑Improves
?
Leptin
2 studies147 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscle Mass
2 studies158 participants
↑Improves
?
Platelet Aggregation
2 studies50 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study93 participants
↓Improves
?
Food Intake
1 study65 participants
↑Worsens
?
Inflammation
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Non-HDL Cholesterol
1 study54 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study34 participants
↑Improves
?
Resistin
1 study54 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study93 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
1 study54 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist-Hip Ratio
1 study54 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
2 studies80 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
5 studies183 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies121 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
3 studies121 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies121 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies121 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study30 participants
↑Worsens
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
2 studies106 participants
none
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
5 studies357 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies357 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
4 studies304 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
4 studies304 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies171 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study75 participants
↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study86 participants
none
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study86 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study86 participants
↓Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study31 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study31 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study31 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study30 participants
none
D
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
No effect
1 study30 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
D
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
No effect
1 study36 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
5 studies447 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
5 studies447 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
5 studies429 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies409 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
5 studies447 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
5 studies416 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
4 studies369 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4 studies229 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein A
1 study36 participants
↑Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study93 participants
↓Improves
?
Eosinophil count
1 study29 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunity
1 study29 participants
↑Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
1 study29 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study29 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study27 participants
none
?
Weight
4 studies163 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies87 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies146 participants
↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies62 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies96 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Mass
1 study27 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study53 participants
none
?
Triglycerides
3 studies220 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies113 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies167 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
D
Adrenaline
No effect
1 study23 participants
none
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study23 participants
↓Improves
?
Dopamine
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study23 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study23 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study23 participants
↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study35 participants
none
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2 studies70 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study351 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study351 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study351 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study351 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study351 participants
↑Worsens
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study35 participants
none
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study53 participants
none
?
Triglycerides
3 studies220 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies113 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies167 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study47 participants
none
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study47 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study47 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study47 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study47 participants
↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study102 participants
none
D
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
No effect
1 study102 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
1 study102 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study102 participants
↓Improves
D
Body Fat
No effect
1 study51 participants
none
D
Glycemic Control
No effect
1 study51 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study51 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study51 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study51 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study45 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study59 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Peptide
1 study59 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study59 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study59 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study127 participants
none
?
Apolipoprotein B
2 studies241 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies241 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies241 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies241 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies241 participants
↓Improves
?
Bilirubin
1 study114 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study127 participants
↓Improves
?
Fecal Bile Acids
1 study114 participants
↑Improves
?
Fibrinogen
1 study127 participants
↑Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study114 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study114 participants
↑Worsens
?
Plasma Vitamin D
1 study127 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Vitamin E
1 study127 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma β-carotene
1 study127 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
Small Detriment
1 study167 participants
small
?
Body Fat
1 study167 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study167 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study167 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study167 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study167 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
Small Detriment
1 study20 participants
small
?
Hepatic Glucose Production
1 study20 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
vLDL-C
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
Research Citations (19)
Related Conditions
Metabolic Health
48 shared supplements · 975 outcomes
Research on metabolism, blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic syndrome.
Type 2 Diabetes
47 shared supplements · 868 outcomes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and pancreas cells and an inability of the pancreas to manufacture enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. T2D is strongly associated with excess body fat, and weight loss induced by lifestyle changes is extremely effective for treating T2D.
39 shared supplements · outcomes
High Blood Pressure
33 shared supplements · 393 outcomes
High blood pressure is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. High blood pressure is often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, although it can result from other medical conditions as well.
Obesity
29 shared supplements · 525 outcomes
Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used. Obesity treatment usually involves restricting the calories eaten or creating a negative calorie balance.
Weight Loss & Maintenance
28 shared supplements · 433 outcomes
This goal refers to people with a BMI >25 attempting to reach/maintain their ideal weight. While interventions that work for people with a BMI >25 may also work for people with a lower BMI, the context is often sufficiently different that this isn't assured.
Metabolic Syndrome
27 shared supplements · 391 outcomes
Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of cardiometabolic risk factors: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, high blood triglycerides, and low HDL-C. If a person has at least three of these, they have metabolic syndrome.
Immune Health
25 shared supplements · 409 outcomes
Immune health refers to the body's ability to resist potentially harmful microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria, and includes both innate and acquired immunity.