Obesity
Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used. Obesity treatment usually involves restricting the calories eaten or creating a negative calorie balance.
Quick Answer
What it is
Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used.
Key findings
- Grade A: Weight Loss (Triphala (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica))
- Grade A: Body Weight Reduction (Tirzepatide (Mounjaro/Zepbound))
- Grade A: Weight Loss ≥5% Achievement (Tirzepatide (Mounjaro/Zepbound))
Safety
- Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.
- SAFETY CONCERN: Unusual side effect - unpleasant skin sensations in ~20% at 12mg dose.
ℹ️ Quick Facts
Quick Facts: Obesity
- Supplements Studied:70
- Research Trials:137
- Total Participants:143,430
- Grade A Supplements:1
- Top Supplement:Triphala (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica) (A)
137 trials
143,430 participantsppts
70 supps · 525 outcomes
Evidence-Based Protocol
Supplement stack ranked by research quality
Primary Stack (Tier 1)
1g 30 min before meals with water (3g/day total)
Soluble fiber expands in stomach to increase satiety, delays gastric emptying, and reduces calorie absorption
14 studies | 900 participants
25-50g daily (1.2-1.6g/kg body weight total protein)
Increases satiety hormones (GLP-1, PYY), preserves lean muscle mass during weight loss, and has high thermic effect
35 studies | 2,500 participants
Supporting Stack (Tier 2)
250-500mg EGCG daily (or 3-4 cups green tea)
Catechins increase fat oxidation and thermogenesis by inhibiting COMT and prolonging norepinephrine action
25 studies | 1,800 participants
100-400mg daily (adjust based on tolerance)
Stimulates thermogenesis via sympathetic nervous system activation and enhances fat oxidation
20 studies | 1,200 participants
88.25-176.5mg standardized extract daily
Reduces snacking and emotional eating by modulating serotonin pathways and reducing compulsive food cravings
8 studies | 400 participants
3-6g daily
Modulates adipocyte metabolism, promotes lipolysis, and may reduce body fat accumulation
18 studies | 1,000 participants
How It Works
Obesity is a complex metabolic condition involving energy imbalance, hormonal dysregulation, and often behavioral factors like emotional eating. While diet and exercise remain foundational, certain supplements can support weight loss by increasing satiety, boosting metabolism, or reducing cravings. These should complement—not replace—lifestyle changes.
•Glucomannan is a highly effective natural fiber derived from konjac root. When taken with water before meals, it expands dramatically in the stomach (up to 50x its weight), creating a feeling of fullness that reduces food intake. Studies show consistent weight loss of 3-4 lbs over 8 weeks with no diet changes. It also slows carbohydrate absorption and feeds beneficial gut bacteria.
•Protein Supplementation (whey or casein) supports weight loss in multiple ways: it increases satiety hormones, has the highest thermic effect of any macronutrient (25-30% of calories burned during digestion), and critically helps preserve muscle mass during calorie restriction. Losing muscle slows metabolism—protein prevents this.
•Green Tea Extract (EGCG) boosts fat burning by inhibiting an enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine, prolonging its fat-mobilizing effects. The combination of EGCG and caffeine is synergistic, increasing 24-hour energy expenditure by 4-5%. Effects are modest but meaningful over time.
•Caffeine increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation through stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. It also improves exercise performance, allowing for more intense workouts. Tolerance develops, so cycling (5 days on, 2 off) helps maintain effects.
•Saffron Extract is particularly useful for emotional or compulsive eating. It works on serotonin pathways to reduce cravings and snacking behavior. Studies in women showed significant reductions in snacking frequency.
•CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid) may help reduce body fat accumulation over time, though effects are modest (about 0.1kg fat loss per week). It works best as part of a comprehensive weight loss program.
Expected timeline: Glucomannan's satiety effects are immediate. Metabolic effects from green tea/caffeine begin within days. Measurable weight loss typically requires 4-8 weeks of consistent use alongside calorie reduction.
Generated from peer-reviewed researchSchema v2.0
Supplements for Obesity
Sorted by strength of evidence
Detailed Outcomes
Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
A
Weight Loss
Meta-analysis (7 trials, n=458): Triphala significantly reduced body weight (WMD -2.99 kg, 95% CI -5.31 to -0.67, p=0.012), BMI (WMD -0.79 kg/m2, p=0.032), and waist circumference. 12-week RCT: Triphala group lost approximately 5 kg vs placebo. Systematic review (5 RCTs): Statistically significant decreases in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference.
moderate↓Improves
A
Body Weight Reduction
SURMOUNT-1 showed 15-22.5% weight loss vs 3.1% placebo at 72 weeks. SURMOUNT-4 showed 20.9% weight loss maintained with continued treatment.
large↓Improves
A
Weight Loss ≥5% Achievement
SURMOUNT-1 showed 89-91% achieved ≥5% weight loss with 10-15mg tirzepatide vs 35% placebo.
large↑Worsens
A
Weight Loss ≥20% Achievement
SURMOUNT-1 showed 50-57% achieved ≥20% weight loss with 10-15mg tirzepatide, unprecedented for pharmacotherapy.
large↑Worsens
A
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity
SURMOUNT-OSA demonstrated significant reduction in sleep apnea severity with tirzepatide in participants with obesity.
large↓Improves
A
Weight Loss (POMC/PCSK1 Deficiency)
80% of participants with POMC/PCSK1 deficiency achieved at least 10% weight loss at 1 year in Phase 3 trials.
large↓Improves
A
Weight Loss (LEPR Deficiency)
45% of participants with LEPR deficiency achieved at least 10% weight loss at 1 year in Phase 3 trials.
large↓Improves
A
Weight Loss (Bardet-Biedl Syndrome)
Phase 3 trial showed significant weight reduction in BBS patients after 1 year, with mean change of -5.5% body weight at 3 months in Phase 2.
moderate↓Improves
B
Quality of Life
After 1 year of treatment, patients reported clinically meaningful improvements across multiple health-related quality of life measures.
moderate↑Improves
B
Resting Energy Expenditure
Setmelanotide has been shown to increase resting energy expenditure in both animal models and humans with obesity.
small↑Improves
A
Body Weight Reduction
STEP 1 trial showed mean weight loss of 14.9% vs 2.4% placebo at 68 weeks. STEP 5 showed sustained 15.2% weight loss at 2 years. Meta-analysis confirms 11.8% greater weight reduction vs placebo.
large↓Improves
A
Weight Loss ≥5% Achievement
In STEP trials, 77-86% of participants achieved ≥5% weight loss with semaglutide 2.4mg vs 31-34% with placebo.
large↑Worsens
A
Weight Loss ≥10% Achievement
STEP trials showed 48-70% of participants achieved ≥10% weight loss with semaglutide vs 12-20% placebo.
large↑Worsens
B
Appetite and Satiety
Semaglutide reduces hunger and increases satiety through central and peripheral mechanisms, contributing to reduced caloric intake.
moderate↑Improves
A
Body Weight Reduction
SCALE trial showed 8.4kg mean weight loss vs 2.8kg placebo at 56 weeks. Meta-analysis confirms 5.04kg greater weight reduction vs placebo in non-diabetic patients.
moderate↓Improves
A
Weight Loss ≥5% Achievement
SCALE trial showed 63.2% achieved ≥5% weight loss with liraglutide 3.0mg vs 27.1% placebo.
large↑Worsens
A
Weight Loss ≥10% Achievement
SCALE trial showed 33.1% achieved ≥10% weight loss with liraglutide 3.0mg vs 10.6% placebo.
large↑Worsens
A
Body Weight Reduction
Phase 2 (n=338): 24.2% mean weight loss at 48 weeks with 12mg. 100% achieved ≥5%, 93% achieved ≥10%, 83% achieved ≥15% weight loss. Phase 3 TRIUMPH-4: 28.7% weight loss at 68 weeks. Most effective weight loss drug in clinical trials to date.
large↓Improves
A
Gastrointestinal Side Effects
SAFETY CONCERN: Phase 3 TRIUMPH-4: Nausea 38-43%, diarrhea 33-35%, constipation 22-25%, vomiting 20-21%, decreased appetite 18-19%. Generally mild-moderate and manageable with dose titration. Higher dropout rates than placebo.
moderate↑Worsens
B
Dysesthesia
SAFETY CONCERN: Unusual side effect - unpleasant skin sensations in ~20% at 12mg dose. Described as mild for most patients, rarely causing discontinuation. Mechanism unclear - may relate to glucagon receptor activation.
small↓Worsens
B
Blood glucose
Mixed effect
16 studies2344 participants
?
Triglycerides
27 studies2344 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
25 studies2344 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
18 studies2344 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
18 studies2344 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies2060 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study1902 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
1 study1902 participants
↓Improves
B
Body Weight and BMI
GRADE meta-analysis: Significantly improves BMI. 6-12 weeks supplementation lowers bodyweight and anthropometric indices.
12 studies600 participants
small↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
11 studies624 participants
small↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
12 studies701 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
11 studies637 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
10 studies590 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
9 studies547 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
7 studies422 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
5 studies184 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
4 studies300 participants
↓Improves
?
Hip Circumference
3 studies172 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist-Hip Ratio
3 studies156 participants
↑Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
?
Sperm Count
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Sperm Quality
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study75 participants
↓Improves
?
Urea
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
B
Blood Pressure
Mixed effect on blood pressure
9 studies689 participants
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
10 studies241 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
10 studies544 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
9 studies505 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
8 studies503 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
8 studies503 participants
↑Worsens
?
TNF-Alpha
7 studies357 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
6 studies303 participants
↑Worsens
B
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
6 studies211 participants
small↓Improves
?
Ghrelin
3 studies109 participants
↑Improves
B
Beta-cell function
Small Decrease
3 studies82 participants
small↓Worsens
?
Insulin
3 studies82 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
3 studies82 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
2 studies134 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood glucose
1 study172 participants
↑Worsens
B
Appetite
Moderate decrease in appetite
2 studies39 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
Weight
Weight loss secondary to reduced appetite
2 studies39 participants
small↓Improves
B
Blood Flow
Moderate Increase
2 studies69 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies84 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies84 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
3 studies84 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies84 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
3 studies84 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
2 studies35 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies69 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies35 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies35 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
2 studies35 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies69 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study49 participants
↑Improves
?
Fibrinogen
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study49 participants
↓Improves
?
IL-1Ra
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 1-alpha
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 1-beta
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study15 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Mass
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
C
Body Weight
Meta-analyses: Weight loss of 1.7-2kg more than placebo over 4-24 weeks. Effect is statistically significant but clinically modest.
15 studies1200 participants
small↓Improves
C
Body Mass Index
Small Decrease - 0.44 kg/m² reduction
5 studies350 participants
small↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
3 studies309 participants
small↓Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
7 studies284 participants
none
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
53 studies2867 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
47 studies2867 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
24 studies2867 participants
↓Improves
?
Glutathione (GSH)
4 studies429 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
4 studies309 participants
↑Improves
?
Leptin
4 studies284 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4 studies309 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
4 studies429 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
4 studies309 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies309 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies309 participants
↓Improves
C
Appetite
Small Decrease
1 study43 participants
small↓Improves
?
Weight
5 studies410 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
Small Detriment
3 studies275 participants
small
?
Metabolic Rate
3 studies49 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
2 studies163 participants
↓Improves
?
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
1 study10 participants
↓Worsens
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
1 study51 participants
small↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
?
Quality of Life
1 study51 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study51 participants
↓Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study51 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study72 participants
small↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study72 participants
↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study72 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study72 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study72 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study78 participants
small↑Improves
C
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
1 study88 participants
small↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
46 studies3802 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
26 studies3802 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
14 studies1562 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
11 studies3802 participants
↓Improves
?
Leptin
11 studies927 participants
↑Improves
?
Ghrelin
7 studies927 participants
↑Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
2 studies16 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies119 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study88 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study78 participants
↑Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study15 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study15 participants
↑Worsens
C
Appetite
Mixed effect
1 study18 participants
?
Insulin
1 study18 participants
↑Worsens
C
Glycemic Control
Small Improvement
1 study35 participants
small↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study35 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study64 participants
small↑Improves
D
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
No effect
1 study52 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
11 studies510 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
11 studies510 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
11 studies510 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
11 studies510 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
9 studies510 participants
↓Improves
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
6 studies184 participants
↑Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
6 studies259 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
5 studies510 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
5 studies250 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
3 studies109 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
3 studies510 participants
↑Worsens
?
vLDL-C
3 studies510 participants
↓Improves
?
Appetite
2 studies128 participants
↑Worsens
?
Waist circumference
2 studies128 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist-Hip Ratio
2 studies52 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
?
Nesfatin-1
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Omentin-1
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small increase in adiponectin
1 study102 participants
small↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small improvement in blood glucose
1 study40 participants
small↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies142 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies142 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies142 participants
↑Worsens
?
Weight
2 studies142 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study40 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Fat
1 study102 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study102 participants
↑Worsens
?
Leptin
1 study102 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study40 participants
↑Worsens
C
Adiponectin
Moderate Increase
1 study9 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
2 studies36 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies36 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies36 participants
↑Worsens
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
?
vLDL-C
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study27 participants
↓Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study33 participants
small↑Improves
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
?
Endothelin-1
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood Acidity
Moderate Decrease
1 study10 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
Ketone Bodies
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Bicarbonate
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study258 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
2 studies274 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study258 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study258 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study258 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study258 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study258 participants
↑Worsens
?
Leptin
1 study258 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study258 participants
↓Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study36 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study258 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study258 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study258 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study258 participants
↓Improves
C
Body Fat
Small Decrease
1 study66 participants
small↓Improves
?
Ketone Bodies
1 study66 participants
↑Improves
?
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
1 study66 participants
↓Worsens
C
Asthma Symptoms
Small Improvement
1 study44 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies48 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate Variability
1 study23 participants
↓Improves
?
Lung Function
1 study44 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study42 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies84 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study42 participants
↓Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study22 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
3 studies170 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
3 studies170 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
2 studies148 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies148 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies106 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies148 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies106 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
2 studies148 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies148 participants
↓Improves
?
Arterial Stiffness
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Depression Symptoms
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study84 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study22 participants
↑Improves
?
Homocysteine
1 study22 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 10
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 8
1 study64 participants
↑Worsens
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Leptin
1 study22 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study84 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study22 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study84 participants
↓Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study22 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study15 participants
small↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
C
Creatinine
Small Increase
1 study153 participants
small↑Improves
C
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
Small Decrease
1 study153 participants
small↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study153 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study153 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study153 participants
↓Improves
C
2-Arachidonoylglycerol Acid
Small Decrease
1 study63 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study63 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study63 participants
↑Worsens
?
Weight
1 study63 participants
↓Improves
C
Body Weight
Significant reduction in body weight and fat mass (responders only)
1 study58 participants
small↓Improves
D
Body Weight
Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbs does not cause weight gain; hypercaloric intake does
20 studies1000 participants
small
D
Body Mass Index (BMI)
No effect
7 studies349 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
7 studies318 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
7 studies318 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
6 studies330 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
6 studies285 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
6 studies308 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
6 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
5 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
4 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
4 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
3 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
3 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study210 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study210 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study210 participants
↓Improves
D
Bilirubin
No effect
5 studies208 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
30 studies1448 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
25 studies1418 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
23 studies1265 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
19 studies869 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
17 studies894 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
15 studies714 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
13 studies631 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
12 studies483 participants
↓Improves
?
Vascular Function
11 studies1448 participants
↑Improves
?
Waist circumference
11 studies753 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Albumin
10 studies516 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
9 studies329 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
8 studies516 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
7 studies191 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
6 studies271 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
6 studies172 participants
↑Worsens
?
Uric Acid
4 studies353 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
3 studies135 participants
↑Improves
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
3 studies118 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study11 participants
↑Improves
?
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
1 study1034 participants
↑Worsens
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study11 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1
1 study1034 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study11 participants
↓Improves
D
Body Mass Index (BMI)
No effect
3 studies1721 participants
none
?
Weight
4 studies1989 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
1 study2117 participants
↓Improves
D
Body Mass Index (BMI)
No effect
3 studies244 participants
none
?
Weight
7 studies422 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
6 studies297 participants
↓Improves
?
Depression Symptoms
5 studies488 participants
↓Improves
?
Visceral Fat
5 studies231 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
3 studies412 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
3 studies255 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
7 studies255 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
7 studies255 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
7 studies255 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies255 participants
↓Improves
D
Glycemic Control
No effect
3 studies44 participants
none
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study14 participants
none
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
2 studies142 participants
none
?
Weight
7 studies707 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
6 studies352 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
5 studies289 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies479 participants
↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies449 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies108 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies429 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies78 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study401 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
DNA Damage
1 study29 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
1 study83 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Leptin
1 study83 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study29 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study28 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study24 participants
none
D
Blood Pressure
No effect
1 study24 participants
none
?
Heart Rate
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study24 participants
↑Worsens
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood Flow
No effect
1 study25 participants
none
?
Weight
3 studies369 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study324 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
Ketone Bodies
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Offspring BMI
1 study63 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study39 participants
none
?
Appetite
1 study39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study39 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Free Testosterone
1 study39 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study39 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
1 study39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Uric Acid
1 study39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Weight
1 study39 participants
↑Worsens
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study32 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study32 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
D
Appetite
No effect
1 study30 participants
none
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study30 participants
none
?
Weight
2 studies34 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Hip Circumference
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study30 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist-Hip Ratio
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
D
Bilirubin
No effect
1 study58 participants
none
?
Weight
6 studies392 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies115 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies115 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
2 studies69 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies104 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies63 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies104 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies104 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study58 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study58 participants
↓Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study58 participants
↓Improves
?
DNA Damage
1 study11 participants
↑Worsens
?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
?
Free Testosterone
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study46 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study58 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study58 participants
↑Worsens
?
Luteinizing Hormone
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum DHEA
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
?
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
D
Arterial Stiffness
No effect
1 study225 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
14 studies1 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
13 studies1 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
11 studies1 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
9 studies1 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
8 studies1 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
6 studies337 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
5 studies307 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
4 studies184 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
4 studies290 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies93 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies112 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies70 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies70 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
2 studies100 participants
↑Improves
?
Parathyroid Hormone
2 studies100 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study225 participants
↓Improves
?
Food Intake
1 study77 participants
↑Worsens
?
Inflammation
1 study225 participants
↓Improves
?
Pulse Wave Velocity
1 study225 participants
↓Improves
?
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence
1 study27425 participants
↑Worsens
?
Vascular Function
1 study225 participants
↑Improves
D
Condition-Related Fatigue
No effect
1 study57 participants
none
?
Cortisol
1 study57 participants
↓Improves
?
Estrogen
1 study57 participants
↑Worsens
?
Serum DHEA
1 study57 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study57 participants
↑Improves
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study57 participants
↑Worsens
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study44 participants
none
?
Body Fat
1 study44 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study44 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study44 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study44 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study44 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study44 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study44 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study44 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood Pressure
No effect on blood pressure
1 study1127 participants
none
?
Weight
3 studies1511 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study24 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study24 participants
↑Worsens
D
Apolipoprotein B
No effect
1 study117 participants
none
D
Blood Pressure
No effect
1 study117 participants
none
?
Endogenous Advanced Glycation End Products
1 study117 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study117 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study117 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study117 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study42 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Fat
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Homocysteine
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
?
Kidney Function
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Folate
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
?
Weight
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study26 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study26 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study26 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
1 study26 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
vLDL-C
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
D
Body Fat
Possible fat loss but study has conflict of interest
1 study23 participants
small↓Improves
D
Metabolic Rate
Possible increase in resting metabolic rate - manufacturer funded
1 study40 participants
small↑Improves
D
Blood Glucose
No effect on blood glucose
1 study23 participants
none
D
Blood Pressure
No effect on blood pressure
1 study23 participants
none
D
Testosterone
No effect on testosterone levels (expected - non-hormonal)
1 study23 participants
none
D
Estrogen
No effect on estrogen levels (expected - non-hormonal)
1 study23 participants
none
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study23 participants
none
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study23 participants
↑Worsens
?
Parathyroid Hormone
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum T3
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum T4
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study23 participants
↑Worsens
D
Appetite
No effect
1 study79 participants
none
?
Food Intake
1 study79 participants
↑Worsens
D
Body Fat
No effect
1 study13 participants
none
?
Weight
1 study13 participants
↓Improves
D
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
No effect
1 study10 participants
none
?
Weight
2 studies231 participants
↓Improves
D
Body Fat
No effect
1 study637 participants
none
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
1 study637 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study637 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study637 participants
↓Improves
?
Hearing Loss
2 studies278 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study135 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Gastric Emptying Rate
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
Research Citations (43)
Related Conditions
Metabolic Health
46 shared supplements · 975 outcomes
Research on metabolism, blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic syndrome.
Type 2 Diabetes
44 shared supplements · 868 outcomes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and pancreas cells and an inability of the pancreas to manufacture enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. T2D is strongly associated with excess body fat, and weight loss induced by lifestyle changes is extremely effective for treating T2D.
36 shared supplements · outcomes
Overweight
35 shared supplements · 379 outcomes
Overweight is characterized as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9. Having overweight is associated with increased risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. However, this may not be the case in people with increased lean mass (e.g., athletes or weight lifters).
Weight Loss & Maintenance
33 shared supplements · 433 outcomes
This goal refers to people with a BMI >25 attempting to reach/maintain their ideal weight. While interventions that work for people with a BMI >25 may also work for people with a lower BMI, the context is often sufficiently different that this isn't assured.
High Cholesterol
29 shared supplements · 553 outcomes
High amounts of low-density lipoproteins cause fatty plaques to build up in the arteries, which restricts blood flow and can cause health problems like a heart attack. Lifestyle factors (e.g., poor diet, smoking) and genetics play a huge role in blood cholesterol levels.
High Blood Pressure
26 shared supplements · 393 outcomes
High blood pressure is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. High blood pressure is often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, although it can result from other medical conditions as well.
General Athletic Performance
25 shared supplements · 656 outcomes
General athletic performance refers to an individual's ability to perform in various sports and physical activities, including strength, speed, endurance, and agility.