Supplement
Whey protein is a milk protein rich in essential amino acids, especially leucine, which the body uses to build and repair muscle. People mostly look at it for muscle size and strength, where the evidence is strong, and in older women body fat also went down. Those body-fat results came from small studies and the evidence is limited, and hospital stay after surgery showed no clear difference.
Sources: PMID 21798863; PMID 36235862
- Updated
- How we grade
- 38 studies cited
- Best evidence
- Grade B
- Conditions studied
- 27
- Outcomes
- 197
- Graded outcomes
- 05126
Evidence by condition
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
Metabolic Syndrome
- Blood glucose
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
High Cholesterol
- Blood glucose
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- Weight: improves
High Blood Pressure
- Blood glucose
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Body Composition
- Body Fat: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
- Weight: improves
Healthy Muscle Aging
- Body Fat: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
- Weight: changes; see studies
Sarcopenia
- Body Fat: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
- Weight: changes; see studies
Weight Loss & Maintenance
- Appetite: improves
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- Weight: improves
General Liver Health
- Blood glucose
- Glycemic Control: improves
- Liver Fat: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Mixed effect | 1 study | 11 people | ||||
Studies that measured blood glucose | ||||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 11 people | |||
Studies that measured glycemic control | ||||||
| Liver Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 11 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 11 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 11 people | ||||
Metabolic Health
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Blood Flow
- Insulin: changes; see studies
Muscle Size Strength
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- Muscle Mass: improves
General Athletic Performance
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- Muscle Mass: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 30 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 7 studies | 17 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 108 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 99 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 91 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 33 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| Bone Mineral Density | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 36 people | |||
| IGF-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 17 people | ||||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 72 people |
Overweight
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- Weight: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 30 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 7 studies | 70 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 2,002 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 1,972 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 20 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 2,344 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 2,344 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 2,344 people | |||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 70 people | |||
| Inflammation | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| Blood Flow | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,902 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 70 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 70 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2,344 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2,344 people |
General Cardiovascular Health
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Weight: improves
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 30 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 30 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 20 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 1,978 people | |||
| Inflammation | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| Vascular Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 153 people | |||
| Arterial Stiffness | Improves (the measure goes down) | 534 people | ||||
| Blood Flow | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| Nitric Oxide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 173 people |
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Weight: improves
- Glycemic Control: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 59 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 59 people | |||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 59 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 59 people | ||||
| Liver Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 59 people |
Muscle Size & Strength
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- Muscle Mass: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 30 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 7 studies | 17 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 157 people | |||
| Weight | Changes; see studies | 4 studies | 40 people | |||
| Body Fat | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 91 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 33 people | |||
| Strength | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 132 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| Bone Mineral Density | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 36 people | |||
| Heart Rate | Changes; see studies | 48 people | ||||
| IGF-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 17 people | ||||
| Peak power output (PPO) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 48 people | ||||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 84 people | ||||
| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Improves (the measure goes up) | 66 people | ||||
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio | Improves (the measure goes up) | 48 people |
General Cancer Care and Prevention
- Length of hospitalization
- Strength: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length of hospitalization No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 657 people | |||
| Strength | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 657 people |
Surgical Recovery
- Length of hospitalization
- Strength: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length of hospitalization No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 657 people | |||
| Strength | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 657 people |
Aerobic Exercise Performance
- Heart Rate
- Weight: improves
- Peak power output (PPO): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate No effect | NoneNo effect | 48 people | ||||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 40 people | |||
| Peak power output (PPO) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 48 people | ||||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 84 people | ||||
| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Improves (the measure goes up) | 66 people | ||||
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio | Improves (the measure goes up) | 48 people |
Cardiovascular Disease
- Arterial Stiffness
- Vascular Function: improves
- Nitric Oxide: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arterial Stiffness No effect | NoneNo effect | 534 people | ||||
| Vascular Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 153 people | |||
| Nitric Oxide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 173 people |
Frailty
- Functionality in Elderly or Injured
- Muscle Mass: improves
- Strength: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functionality in Elderly or Injured No effect | NoneNo effect | 1,398 people | ||||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 1,398 people | |||
| Strength | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 1,398 people |
Menopause
- Bone Mineral Density: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone Mineral Density | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 219 people |
Bone Health
- Bone Mineral Density: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone Mineral Density | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 219 people |
Ovarian Cancer
- Length of hospitalization: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length of hospitalization | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 61 people |
Appetite Regulation
- Appetite: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appetite | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 64 people |
Crohn's Disease
- Intestinal Permeability: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intestinal Permeability | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people |
What the published studies found
5 automated readings
LDL cholesterol
The best available review (2025, 25 studies, 1,454 people) found little or no difference in LDL cholesterol. That review studied older adults. 3 of the 7 studies read agree; 4 found an improvement. The evidence is moderate.
7 studies counted of 9 read: 5 reviews and 2 trials (357 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2025; 25 studies, 1,454 people; older adults: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on). Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Body Composition, Muscular Strength, and Cardiometabolic Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Pairwise Meta-Analysis
- Meta-analysis, 2025; 21 studies: improves.
reduction in LDL-cholesterol in individuals aged <50 years
The effects of whey protein supplementation on indices of cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Systematic review, 2025; 12 studies; adults consuming fermented whey products: improves.
Consumption of fermented whey products was associated with improvements in muscle mass, glycemic control, lipid …
A systematic review of health promoting effects of consumption of whey-based fermented products on adults - Meta-analysis, 2020; 22 studies; patients with metabolic syndrome and related conditions: improves.
LDL-cholesterol levels (WMD: -8.47 95% CI: - 16.59, - 0.36)
Effects of whey protein on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials - Meta-analysis, 2016; 13 studies: no clear difference.
whey protein had no effects on circulating TC (-0.11 mmol/l, 95% CI: -0.27, 0.05 mmol/l), …
Effect of whey protein on blood lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Randomised trial, 2012; 327 people; middle-aged overweight and obese adults: no clear difference. Whey protein supplementation does not affect exercise training-induced changes in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults
- Randomised trial, 2012; 30 people; overweight young men: improves.
significant changes in both RW and RP groups for
Changes in antioxidant status and cardiovascular risk factors of overweight young men after six weeks supplementation of whey protein isolate and resistance training
All-cause mortality
The studies read are too weak to tell whether Whey Protein changes all-cause mortality. The evidence is very weak.
1 study counted of 11 read: 1 trial (218 people in the trials).
- Randomised trial, 2020; 218 people; older community-dwelling people with sarcopenia: no clear difference.
Differences were found neither in the all-cause mortality
Effect of Protein Supplementation on Physical Performance in Older People With Sarcopenia-A Randomized Controlled Trial
- Randomised trial, 2020; 218 people; older community-dwelling people with sarcopenia: no clear difference.
Blood pressure
The best available review (2026, 65 studies) found an improvement in blood pressure. 5 of the 7 studies read agree; 2 found no clear difference. The evidence is moderate.
7 studies counted of 10 read: 6 reviews and 1 trial (54 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 65 studies: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: -1.99 mmHg
Impacts of Milk Protein Supplementation on Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2025; 21 studies: no clear difference.
no clinically relevant effect of whey protein supplementation on blood pressure
The effects of whey protein supplementation on indices of cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2023; 18 studies, 1,177 people: improves. The effects of whey protein on blood pressure: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
- Meta-analysis, 2019; 37 studies, 2,344 people; overweight and obese individuals: improves.
whey supplementation significantly reduced the SBP, DBP, HDL, waist circumference, TG and FBS in intervention …
The effect of whey protein on the components of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese individuals; a systematic review and meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2018; 9 studies: improves.
improvements in multiple CVD risk factors including levels of systolic blood pressure
Whey Protein Supplementation Improves Body Composition and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Systematic review, 2013: improves.
both milk proteins were shown to reduce BP
The impact of milk proteins and peptides on blood pressure and vascular function: a review of evidence from human intervention studies - Randomised trial, 2019; 54 people; pre- and mildly hypertensive adults: no clear difference.
SBP was significantly lower in the whey protein group
Effect of whey protein on blood pressure in pre- and mildly hypertensive adults: A randomized controlled study
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 65 studies: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
Muscle mass
The best available review (2024, 30 studies, 2,105 people) found little or no difference in muscle mass. That review studied older adults aged 60 and older. 2 of the 4 studies read agree; 1 found mixed results, 1 found an improvement. The evidence is moderate.
Possible harm: 1 study read reported a worse result for muscle mass with Whey Protein. One abstract says: "four out of five studies show negative effect of whey protein supplementation at the same dose range (or even higher) compared with control supplementation (-0.49 kg, 95% CI: -0.69, -0.29, I2 = 14%, Z = 4.82, p < 0.001)" Check the studies below, and ask a doctor or pharmacist if this applies to you.
4 studies counted of 8 read: 4 reviews.
- Meta-analysis, 2024; 30 studies, 2,105 people; older adults aged 60 and older: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
ASM significantly improved after WPS consumption
Effectiveness of whey protein supplementation on muscle strength and physical performance of older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials - Meta-analysis, 2023; older adults with or without sarcopenia or frailty: mixed results.
whey protein supplementation significantly improved LM (SMD = 0.982
Whey Protein Supplementation with or without Vitamin D on Sarcopenia-Related Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2019; 21 studies, 837 people; individuals undergoing resistance training: no clear difference.
WP-RT exhibited improved lean mass (MD 0.46 kg
Effect of whey protein supplementation during resistance training sessions on body mass and muscular strength: a meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2018; 13 studies, 28 people: improves.
WP supplementation increased lean mass (WMD, 0.37 kg
Effect of whey protein supplementation on body composition changes in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis, 2024; 30 studies, 2,105 people; older adults aged 60 and older: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
Muscle strength
The studies disagree. A Cochrane review (2012, 12 studies, 13 people) found little or no difference in muscle strength, while 4 of the 8 studies read found an improvement. The evidence is very weak.
8 studies counted of 9 read: 7 reviews and 1 trial (92 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2012; 12 studies, 13 people; people with confirmed mitochondrial disease: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
no clinical benefit (assessments included the Short Form 36
Treatment for mitochondrial disorders - Meta-analysis, 2026; 12 studies, 261 people; healthy young adults engaged in resistance training: improves.
whey protein significantly improved bench press
The Impact of Whey and Soy Protein Supplementation on Resistance Training in Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2025; 25 studies, 1,454 people; older adults: improves.
increased lower-body muscular strength [SMD: 0.16
Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Body Composition, Muscular Strength, and Cardiometabolic Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Pairwise Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2024; 30 studies, 2,105 people; older adults aged 60 and older: no clear difference.
no significant positive effect of WPS on HS
Effectiveness of whey protein supplementation on muscle strength and physical performance of older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials - Meta-analysis, 2023; 3 studies, 637 people; patients with sarcopenia: mixed results.
handgrip strength and SPPB scores in the experimental group significantly improved
Effects of Whey Protein, Leucine, and Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2022; 10 studies; postmenopausal women aged 55 years and above: improves.
significant positive effect on biceps curl strength
Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2021; 17 studies; older adults aged 60 or older: improves. Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged ≥ 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Randomised trial, 2026; 92 people; chinese older adults: no clear difference.
No intergroup differences were found in changes of ASM or handgrip strength
The Impact of Oral Whey Protein and Yeast Protein Supplementation for 6 Months on Skeletal Muscle Mass, Strength, and Function in the Elderly: A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel Study
- Meta-analysis, 2012; 12 studies, 13 people; people with confirmed mitochondrial disease: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
Key findings
- Blood glucose
- Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)
- AppetiteImproves (the measure goes down)
Shop the evidence-backed picks
Third-party tested Whey Protein products, in the forms the graded studies used where we can match them.
- Grade B
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Studies cited
38 studies from PubMed
- Effects of high-quality protein supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Glutamine and whey protein improve intestinal permeability and morphology in patients with Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled trial
- The effect of milk proteins on appetite regulation and diet-induced thermogenesis
- The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training
- Effect of protein-supplement timing on strength, power, and body-composition changes in resistance-trained men
- Effect of whey protein supplementation on weight and body composition indicators: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
- Whey Protein Before and During Resistance Exercise Has No Effect on Muscle Mass and Strength in Untrained Young Adults
- The effect of resistance training combined with timed ingestion of protein on muscle fiber size and muscle strength
- Changes in antioxidant status and cardiovascular risk factors of overweight young men after six weeks supplementation of whey protein isolate and resistance training
- Whey and casein labeled with L-1-13Cleucine and muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion
- Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise
- Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis.
- Efficacy and Safety of Whey Protein Supplements on Vital Sign and Physical Performance Among Athletes: A Network Meta-Analysis.
- The effects of a two-year randomized, controlled trial of whey protein supplementation on bone structure, IGF-1, and urinary calcium excretion in older postmenopausal women
- Effects of a whey protein supplementation on intrahepatocellular lipids in obese female patients
- Whey protein but not soy protein supplementation alters body weight and composition in free-living overweight and obese adults
- Effects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individuals
- A whey-protein supplement increases fat loss and spares lean muscle in obese subjects: a randomized human clinical study
- Acute effects of whey protein isolate on blood pressure, vascular function and inflammatory markers in overweight postmenopausal women
- The effects of whey protein on blood pressure: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Role of whey protein in vascular function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies.
- Effects of whey protein on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.
- Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks
- Whey Protein Premeal Lowers Postprandial Glucose Concentrations in Adults Compared with Water-The Effect of Timing, Dose, and Metabolic Status: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
- Effects of whey and soy protein supplementation on inflammatory cytokines in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Effect of whey supplementation on circulating C-reactive protein: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Effect of whey protein consumption on IL-6 and TNF-α: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- The effect of whey protein on the components of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese individuals; a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Open-labeled pilot study of cysteine-rich whey protein isolate supplementation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients
- Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects
- Whey protein supplementation improves postprandial glycemia in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Amino acid absorption and subsequent muscle protein accretion following graded intakes of whey protein in elderly men
- The effects of a higher protein intake during energy restriction on changes in body composition and physical function in older women
- Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Effect of whey protein supplementation on long and short term appetite: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on Perioperative Outcomes in Patients with Cancer-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PROSPERO 2020: CRD42020188666).
- Whey Protein Supplementation with or without Vitamin D on Sarcopenia-Related Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on Postoperative Outcomes After Gynecological Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.