Condition
High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure is a long-term condition in which blood pushes too hard against artery walls, shaped by vessel width, blood volume, and how forcefully the heart pumps. Potassium and hibiscus have the strongest support: reviews found potassium lowered blood pressure, and hibiscus tea trials found readings improved in people with mildly raised pressure. The hibiscus trials were small, about 290 people in total, and the potassium evidence is moderate.
Sources: PMID 28024910; PMID 20018807
- Supplements studied
- 68
- Graded outcomes
- 66
- Trials
- 113
- People studied
- 125,889
Evidence by supplement
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 5 studies | 291 people | ||
Studies that measured blood pressure
| ||||||
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 291 people |
Magnesium
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Serum Magnesium: improves
Nitrate
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Plasma Nitrate: improves
- Heart Rate: improves
Chlorella
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Blood glucose
- Body Mass Index (BMI): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 3 studies | 797 people | ||
Studies that measured blood pressure
| ||||||
| Blood glucose No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 797 people | |||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 797 people | ||||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 77 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 797 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 797 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 797 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 797 people | ||||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 77 people | ||||
Potassium
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 2 studies | 1,829 people | ||
Olive Leaf Extract
- Blood Pressure: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 2 studies | 188 people | ||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 148 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 148 people | |||
Studies that measured liver enzymes | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 148 people | |||
Studies that measured total cholesterol | ||||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 148 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 148 people | ||||
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
- Blood Pressure
- Homocysteine: improves
- Major Adverse Cardiac Events: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Mixed effect | 2 studies | 5,707 people | ||||
Studies that measured blood pressure | ||||||
| Homocysteine | Improves (the measure goes down) | 7,340 people | ||||
| Major Adverse Cardiac Events | Changes; see studies | 2,057 people | ||||
Black seed
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Total cholesterol: changes; see studies
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 1,527 people | ||
Studies that measured blood pressure | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | Changes; see studies | 4 studies | 103 people | |||
Studies that measured total cholesterol
| ||||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 103 people | |||
Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl) | ||||||
| Heart Rate | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 103 people | |||
Studies that measured heart rate | ||||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 103 people | |||
Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl) | ||||||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 103 people | ||||
| Proteinuria | Improves (the measure goes up) | 103 people | ||||
| Serum Albumin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 103 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Changes; see studies | 103 people | ||||
| Uric Acid | Changes; see studies | 103 people | ||||
| Weight | Changes; see studies | 103 people | ||||
Whey Protein
- Blood glucose
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Celery seed extract
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Blood glucose: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small but consistent blood pressure reduction across studies | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 473 people | ||
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 369 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 245 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Changes; see studies | 282 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Changes; see studies | 383 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Changes; see studies | 245 people | ||||
Black Barberry Extract
- Systolic/Diastolic BP: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic/Diastolic BP Meta-analysis (2025): SBP -9.84mmHg, DBP -11.31mmHg with barberry supplementation | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 718 people |
Casein
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Blood glucose
- Triglycerides: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 183 people | |||
| Blood glucose No effect | NoneNo effect | 80 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 121 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 121 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 30 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 121 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 121 people |
Black Garlic Extract
- Systolic Blood Pressure: improves
- Diastolic Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic Blood Pressure Meta-analysis: SBP reduced by 2.49-5.0mmHg overall; AGE at Heart trial showed -11.5mmHg in responders (PMID: 26764326) | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 800 people | |||
| Diastolic Blood Pressure Meta-analysis: DBP reduced by 1.5-6.3mmHg; greater effects in hypertensive subjects | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 800 people |
Black Seed Oil
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure GRADE meta-analysis (82 RCTs): Significantly improved BP. Oil form more effective for both SBP and DBP. Optimal results at 3000mg/day for 12 weeks. | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 800 people |
Gymnema Sylvestre
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Blood glucose: improves
- Triglycerides: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 113 people | |||
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 113 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 199 people | |||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 113 people | ||||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 135 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 129 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 129 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 199 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 113 people |
Curcumin
- Blood glucose: improves
- Triglycerides: improves
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 18 studies | 80 people | ||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 9 studies | 80 people | |||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 80 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 80 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 80 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 80 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 80 people | |||
| Liver Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 80 people | |||
| Cortisol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 80 people | ||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 80 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 80 people |
Resveratrol
- Blood glucose: improves
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
- Kidney Function: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 7 studies | 871 people | ||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 658 people | |||
| Kidney Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 135 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 871 people | |||
| Vascular Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 1,448 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 1,448 people | |||
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 894 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 871 people | ||||
| Insulin Resistance | Improves (the measure goes down) | 871 people | ||||
| Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 | Changes; see studies | 1,034 people | ||||
| Interleukin 6 | Improves (the measure goes down) | 658 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 871 people | ||||
| Plasminogen Inhibitor-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1,034 people | ||||
| Serum Albumin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 516 people | ||||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 658 people | ||||
| Uric Acid | Improves (the measure goes down) | 353 people |
L-Carnitine
- Blood glucose: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 5 studies | 229 people | ||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 229 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 229 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 229 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 3 studies | 229 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 851 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 229 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 229 people | |||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Kidney Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Lipoprotein(a) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 229 people |
Gotu Kola
- Chronic Venous Insufficiency Signs: improves
- Microcirculation: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Venous Insufficiency Signs Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 5 studies | 40 people | ||
| Microcirculation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 40 people |
Vitamin C
- Blood Flow: improves
- HbA1c: improves
- Triglycerides: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 4 studies | 37 people | ||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 9 studies | 65 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 137 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 174 people | |||
| Inflammation | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 941 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 1,078 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 31 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 72 people | |||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 37 people | |||
| Plasma Vitamin C | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 37 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 31 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 65 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 65 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 68 people | ||||
| Interleukin 6 | Improves (the measure goes down) | 72 people | ||||
| Kidney Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 31 people | ||||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 31 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 65 people |
Saffron
- Blood Pressure: improves
- sICAM-1: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 3 studies | 204 people | ||
| sICAM-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 204 people |
Taurine
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Vascular Function: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 3 studies | 120 people | ||
| Vascular Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 120 people |
Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Triglycerides: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 3 studies | 64 people | ||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 64 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 64 people | ||||
| Vascular Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 64 people |
Ginkgo Biloba
- Blood Flow
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Heart Rate: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow Mixed effect | 2 studies | 30 people | ||||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 3,099 people | |||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 14 people |
Hesperidin
- Blood Flow: improves
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
- Blood glucose: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow Moderate Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 1 study | 9 people | ||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 24 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 24 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 24 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 24 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 24 people | ||||
| Cell Adhesion Factors | Improves (the measure goes down) | 24 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 24 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 24 people | ||||
| Interleukin 6 | Improves (the measure goes down) | 24 people | ||||
| Microcirculation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 24 people | ||||
| Nitric Oxide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 24 people | ||||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 24 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 24 people |
Chlorogenic Acid
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Weight: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 1 study | 28 people | ||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 28 people |
Milk Protein
- Blood glucose
- Blood Pressure: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Mixed effect | 1 study | 4,229 people | ||||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 822 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 76 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 44 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 76 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 76 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 76 people |
Nattokinase
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Renin Activity: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 86 people | ||
| Renin Activity | Improves (the measure goes up) | 86 people |
Citrulline
- Arterial Stiffness: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Blood Flow: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arterial Stiffness Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 41 people | ||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 7 studies | 155 people | |||
| Blood Flow | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 15 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 41 people | |||
| Heart Rate Variability | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 40 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 15 people | |||
| Plasma Arginine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 15 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 15 people | ||||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 15 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 15 people | ||||
| Nitric Oxide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 15 people | ||||
| Plasma Nitrate | Improves (the measure goes up) | 15 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 15 people |
Pycnogenol
- Blood Flow: improves
- Blood Pressure: changes; see studies
- Nitric Oxide: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow Moderate Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 1 study | 58 people | ||
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 69 people | |||
| Nitric Oxide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 58 people |
Melatonin
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Adrenaline
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 1 study | 30 people | ||
| Adrenaline No effect | NoneNo effect | 17 people | ||||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 52 people | |||
| Cerebral Blood Flow | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 10 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Fibrinogen | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 17 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Noradrenaline | Improves (the measure goes up) | 17 people | ||||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people |
Psyllium
- Blood Flow: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 1 study | 57 people | ||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 57 people |
Sesamin
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 25 people |
Ephedrine
- Blood Pressure: worsens
- Weight: improves
- Body Fat: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Detriment | Worsens (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 279 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 9 studies | 279 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 167 people | |||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 167 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 167 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 167 people |
Pterostilbene
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Weight: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 80 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 80 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 80 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 80 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 80 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 80 people |
Green Coffee Extract
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Weight: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 28 people | |||
| Blood Pressure Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 28 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 28 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 265 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 28 people | |||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 28 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 28 people | ||||
| Kidney Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 28 people | ||||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 28 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 28 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 28 people | ||||
| White Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 28 people |
Eucommia Bark
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Heart Rate: improves
- Blood glucose: worsens
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 54 people | |||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 54 people | |||
| Blood glucose Small Detriment | Worsens (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 54 people | |||
| Kidney Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 54 people |
Microlactin
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
- Triglycerides: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 30 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people |
Tribulus Terrestris
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Heart Rate: improves
- Diuresis: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 75 people | |||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 75 people | |||
| Diuresis | Improves (the measure goes up) | 75 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 75 people |
Spirulina
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 16 people | |||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 72 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 72 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 128 people | |||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 259 people | |||
| Arterial Stiffness | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 40 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 36 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 16 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 72 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 40 people | |||
| Endothelin-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 16 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 72 people | ||||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 36 people | ||||
| sE-Selectin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 16 people | ||||
| sICAM-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 16 people | ||||
| Superoxide Dismutase Activity | Improves (the measure goes up) | 184 people |
Bhringaraj
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Diuresis: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 60 people | |||
| Diuresis Moderate Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 60 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 60 people | |||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Changes; see studies | 60 people | ||||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Changes; see studies | 60 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Changes; see studies | 60 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Changes; see studies | 60 people | ||||
| vLDL-C | Changes; see studies | 60 people |
Policosanol
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 589 people | |||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 10 studies | 678 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 678 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 678 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 589 people |
Banana Flower
- Diastolic Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diastolic Blood Pressure Significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure with banana biomass supplementation (PMID: 30887937) | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 50 people |
Eleuthero
- Cognitive Decline: improves
- Social Functioning in Elderly: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Decline Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 20 people | |||
| Social Functioning in Elderly | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 20 people |
Astaxanthin
- Adiponectin: improves
- Total cholesterol: changes; see studies
- Triglycerides: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 44 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 44 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 44 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 44 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 44 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 44 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Changes; see studies | 44 people | ||||
| vLDL-C | Changes; see studies | 44 people |
Quercetin
- Blood Pressure
- Blood glucose
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 88 people | |||
| Blood glucose No effect | NoneNo effect | 41 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 41 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 41 people | |||
| Fat Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 6 people | ||||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 41 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 41 people | ||||
| Metabolic Rate | Improves (the measure goes up) | 6 people | ||||
| vLDL-C | Improves (the measure goes down) | 41 people | ||||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 41 people |
Fish Oil
- Blood Flow
- Triglycerides: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 65 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 24 studies | 20 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 7 studies | 85 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 7 studies | 65 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 475 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 20 people | |||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 85 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 65 people | |||
| Platelet Aggregation | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 20 people | ||||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 65 people | ||||
| Food Intake | Changes; see studies | 65 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 20 people |
Reishi
- Adrenaline
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenaline No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 23 people | |||
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile | Improves (the measure goes up) | 23 people | ||||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 23 people | ||||
| Dopamine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 23 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 23 people | ||||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 23 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 23 people | ||||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 23 people |
Chia seeds
- Blood glucose
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Body Fat: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 308 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 308 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 308 people | ||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 308 people | ||||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 308 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 308 people | ||||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 308 people |
L-Tyrosine
- Blood Pressure
- Heart Rate: improves
- Noradrenaline: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure No effect | NoneNo effect | 13 people | ||||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 13 people | |||
| Noradrenaline | Improves (the measure goes up) | 13 people |
Green Tea Extract
- Blood glucose
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose No effect | NoneNo effect | 1,040 people | ||||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 971 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 1,040 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 1,040 people | |||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 1,040 people | |||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,040 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,040 people |
Betalains
- Systolic BP
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic BP Betalains alone do not appear responsible for beetroot BP effects - nitrate is the active component | NoneNo effect | 50 people |
Soy Protein
- Blood glucose
- Blood Pressure: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose No effect | NoneNo effect | 521 people | ||||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 1,203 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1,008 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 4,229 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 982 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 998 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,087 people |
Cocoa Extract
- Adiponectin
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin No effect | NoneNo effect | 20 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 13 studies | 107 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 10 studies | 1,772 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 60 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 79 people | |||
| Blood Flow | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 100 people | |||
| Platelet Aggregation | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 28 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 87 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 56 people | ||||
| Cell Adhesion Factors | Improves (the measure goes down) | 60 people | ||||
| Food Intake | Changes; see studies | 30 people | ||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 79 people | ||||
| Homocysteine | Improves (the measure goes down) | 19 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 59 people | ||||
| Interleukin 6 | Improves (the measure goes down) | 20 people | ||||
| LDL Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes down) | 20 people | ||||
| Leptin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 107 people | ||||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| Nitric Oxide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 40 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 79 people | ||||
| Uric Acid | Improves (the measure goes down) | 19 people | ||||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 76 people |
Docosahexaenoic Acid
- Blood glucose
- Insulin: changes; see studies
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose No effect | NoneNo effect | 59 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 59 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 59 people | ||||
| C-Peptide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 59 people | ||||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 59 people | ||||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 59 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 59 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 59 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 59 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 59 people |
Flaxseed
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 1,209 people |
Coenzyme Q10
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 113 people |
Licorice
- Testosterone: improves
- Cortisol: improves
- Blood Pressure: worsens
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 4 studies | 36 people | |||
| Cortisol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 25 people | |||
| Blood Pressure Moderate Detriment | Worsens (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 1 study | 25 people | ||
| Estrogen | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 36 people | |||
| Luteinizing Hormone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 36 people | |||
| Prolactin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 36 people | ||||
| Sex Hormone Binding Globulin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 36 people |
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 320 people |
Calcium
- Pre-Eclampsia Risk: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Eclampsia Risk | Changes; see studies | 4 studies | 15,730 people |
Cinnamon
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 641 people |
Vitamin D
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 545 people |
Caffeine
- Blood Pressure: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 110 people |
Dandelion
- Diuresis: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diuresis | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 17 people |
Echinacea
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 16 people |
Cat's whiskers
- Diuresis: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diuresis | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 80 people |
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
- Blood Flow: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 30 people |
What the published studies found
24 automated readings
Ashwagandha: cardiovascular events
Too few usable studies were found to tell whether Ashwagandha changes cardiovascular events. 3 studies were read and none could be counted.
Bacopa Monnieri: blood pressure
The studies read are too weak to tell whether Bacopa Monnieri changes blood pressure. The evidence is very weak.
1 study counted of 4 read: 1 trial (54 people in the trials).
- Randomised trial, 2008; 54 people: no clear difference.
No effects were found on the DAT, WAIS digit task, mood, or blood pressure.
Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
- Randomised trial, 2008; 54 people: no clear difference.
Berberine: blood pressure
The best available review (2026, 21 studies, 1,426 people) found an improvement in blood pressure. That review studied adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders on antipsychotics. 5 of the 9 studies read agree; 4 found no clear difference. The evidence is moderate.
9 studies counted of 10 read: 6 reviews and 3 trials (239 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 21 studies, 1,426 people; adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders on antipsychotics: improves (the review the verdict rests on). Efficacy and tolerability of nutraceuticals and phytotherapics for antipsychotic-induced weight gain in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis
- Systematic review, 2026; 3 studies, 233 people; schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome: no clear difference. Adjunctive berberine for schizophrenia with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Systematic review, 2025; 17 studies, 1,337 people; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: improves. Clinical Efficacy of Curcumin, Resveratrol, Silymarin, and Berberine on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systemic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis
- Systematic review, 2025; people with metabolic syndrome: no clear difference. Efficacy and safety of berberine on the components of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials
- Systematic review, 2022: improves. The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis, 2015; 27 studies, 2,569 people; patients with type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension: improves.
tended to lower the level of blood pressure more than the lifestyle intervention alone
Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension - Randomised trial, 2021; 84 people; chinese men with hyperlipidemia: no clear difference.
blood pressure, body mass index and waist-hip ratio after the intervention did not differ
Effect of Berberine on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Mechanistic Randomized Controlled Trial - Randomised trial, 2019; 131 people: no clear difference.
BP and BMI levels remained unchanged
The Effects of a New Generation of Nutraceutical Compounds on Lipid Profile and Glycaemia in Subjects with Pre-hypertension - Randomised trial, 2013; 24 people; patients with metabolic syndrome: improves. Effect of berberine administration on metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion
Beta-Alanine: cardiovascular events
Too few usable studies were found to tell whether Beta-Alanine changes cardiovascular events. 9 studies were read and none could be counted.
Caffeine: cardiovascular events
The studies read are too weak to tell whether Caffeine changes cardiovascular events. They lean toward a worse result, which is not enough to claim one. The evidence is very weak.
Possible harm: 1 study read reported a worse result for cardiovascular events with Caffeine. One abstract says: "Fifteen-minute systolic BP readings were significantly lower in the placebo trials (156.93 ± 15.50) in relation to the 3 energy drink trials" Check the studies below, and ask a doctor or pharmacist if this applies to you.
1 study counted of 11 read: 1 trial (15 people in the trials).
- Crossover trial, 2017; 15 people; recreational runners: worsens.
Fifteen-minute systolic BP readings were significantly lower in the placebo trials (156.93 ± 15.50) in …
Effects of Energy Drinks on Economy and Cardiovascular Measures
- Crossover trial, 2017; 15 people; recreational runners: worsens.
Citrulline: cardiovascular events
The studies read do not show a clear benefit for cardiovascular events. One reading found evidence too weak to tell, a second reading of the same search found too few studies to tell. The evidence is very weak.
1 study counted of 10 read: 1 trial (269 people in the trials).
- Randomised trial, 2020; 269 people; patients undergoing medium-to-high risk non-cardiac surgery: unclear: evidence too weak to tell.
non-significant trend towards reduced incidence of the primary endpoint
Asymmetric dimethylarginine predicts perioperative cardiovascular complications in patients undergoing medium-to-high risk non-cardiac surgery
- Randomised trial, 2020; 269 people; patients undergoing medium-to-high risk non-cardiac surgery: unclear: evidence too weak to tell.
Creatine: cardiovascular events
The studies read are too weak to tell whether Creatine changes cardiovascular events. The strongest review read studied adults with heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or myocardial infarction. The evidence is very weak.
1 study counted of 10 read: 1 review.
- Meta-analysis, 2011; 11 studies, 1,474 people; adults with heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or myocardial infarction: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
no significant effect of creatine or creatine analogues
Creatine and creatine analogues in hypertension and cardiovascular disease
- Meta-analysis, 2011; 11 studies, 1,474 people; adults with heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or myocardial infarction: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
Curcumin: cardiovascular events
The studies read are too weak to tell whether Curcumin changes cardiovascular events. The evidence is very weak.
1 study counted of 9 read: 1 trial (40 people in the trials).
- Randomised trial, 2019; 40 people; patients with unstable angina: no clear difference.
no significant differences between the two groups
The effects of curcumin on the prevention of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure in patients with unstable angina: A randomized clinical trial
- Randomised trial, 2019; 40 people; patients with unstable angina: no clear difference.
Fish Oil: cardiovascular events
The studies disagree. A Cochrane review (2020, 86 studies, 162,796 people) found little or no difference in cardiovascular events, while 5 of the 9 studies read found an improvement. The evidence is very weak.
9 studies counted of 11 read: 6 reviews and 3 trials (11,913 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2020; 86 studies, 162,796 people; adults at varying cardiovascular risk: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on
Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease - Meta-analysis, 2022; 28 studies, 136,965 people; individuals in primary and secondary prevention: improves.
associated with a lower risk of major cardiovascular events
Effects of omega-3 fatty acid on major cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2021; 14 studies, 87,718 people; patients with cardiovascular disease risks: no clear difference.
no apparent difference between the two groups on major adverse cardiovascular effects
Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation for patients with cardiovascular disease risks: a dose-response meta-analysis - Systematic review, 2020; 14 studies, 125,763 people; patients receiving omega-3 fatty acid supplementation: improves.
major vascular events (0.78 [0.71-0.85], p < 0.0001
Impact of Different Doses of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Outcomes: a Pairwise and Network Meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2020; 16 studies, 81,073 people: improves.
significant risk reduction of cardiac mortality
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation and cardiovascular outcomes: do formulation, dosage, and baseline cardiovascular risk matter? An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2018; 49 studies, 24,272 people; adults with or without cardiovascular disease: no clear difference.
cardiovascular disease events from 14.6% to 13.0%
Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease - Randomised trial, 2026; 1,228 people; adult patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: improves.
rate of serious cardiovascular events was significantly lower
Fish-Oil Supplementation and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis - Randomised trial, 2024; 2,506 people; patients with stable coronary artery disease, low EPA/AA ratio: no clear difference.
hazard ratio, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.62-1.00]; P=0.055
Randomized Trial for Evaluation in Secondary Prevention Efficacy of Combination Therapy-Statin and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (RESPECT-EPA) - Randomised trial, 2020; 8,179 people; high-risk ASCVD patients with elevated triglycerides: improves.
reduced significantly incident events across both the trial primary endpoint
Profound reductions in first and total cardiovascular events with icosapent ethyl in the REDUCE-IT trial: why these results usher in a new era in dyslipidaemia therapeutics
- Meta-analysis, 2020; 86 studies, 162,796 people; adults at varying cardiovascular risk: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9): cardiovascular events
The studies disagree. A Cochrane review (2017, 15 studies, 71,422 people) found little or no difference in cardiovascular events, while 1 of the 7 studies read found an improvement. The evidence is very weak.
7 studies counted of 10 read: 7 reviews.
- Meta-analysis, 2017; 15 studies, 71,422 people; patients with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
no differences in effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions on myocardial infarction
Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events - Meta-analysis, 2026; 9 studies, 23,638 people: no clear difference.
No significant effects were observed for cardiovascular events
A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Homocysteine-Lowering Therapy on Chronic Kidney Disease - Systematic review, 2025; 45 studies, 96,962 people: improves.
modest reduction on overall CVD (RR = 0.95
Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in the prevention of cardiovascular disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2016; 6 studies, 2,452 people; patients with end-stage kidney disease: no clear difference.
little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality
Interventions for lowering plasma homocysteine levels in dialysis patients - Meta-analysis, 2012; 11 studies, 10,951 people; people with kidney disease: no clear difference.
did not prevent cardiovascular events (relative risk 0.97
The effect of folic acid based homocysteine lowering on cardiovascular events in people with kidney disease: systematic review and meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2010; 8 studies, 37,485 people; individuals at increased risk of cardiovascular disease: no clear difference.
no significant effects on vascular outcomes
Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: Meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individuals - Meta-analysis, 2010: no clear difference.
FA supplementation did not affect primary cardiovascular clinical end points
Meta-analysis of folic acid supplementation trials on risk of cardiovascular disease and risk interaction with baseline homocysteine levels
- Meta-analysis, 2017; 15 studies, 71,422 people; patients with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
Ginkgo Biloba: cardiovascular events
The 1 study read (3,069 people in all) mostly found little or no difference in cardiovascular events. The evidence is limited.
1 study counted of 11 read: 1 trial (3,069 people in the trials).
- Randomised trial, 2010; 3,069 people: no clear difference.
no differences in incident myocardial infarction
Does Ginkgo biloba reduce the risk of cardiovascular events?
- Randomised trial, 2010; 3,069 people: no clear difference.
N-Acetylcysteine: cardiovascular events
Mixed or unclear: two readings of the studies disagreed. One reading found an improvement for cardiovascular events, the other mixed results. The question is open.
6 studies counted of 9 read: 4 reviews and 1 trial (134 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2024; 19 studies, 3,718 people; patients undergoing coronary catheterization or cardiac surgery: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
occurrence of secondary outcomes was not significantly reduced
N-Acetylcysteine to Reduce Mortality for Patients Requiring Cardiac Catheterization or Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2021; 9 studies, 1,419 people; patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: improves.
occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) [RR = 0.63
The Clinical Efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction - Meta-analysis, 2021; 15 studies, 768 people; people with chronic kidney disease: improves.
NAC did reduce cardiovascular events among people with CKD
N-acetylcysteine for chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Systematic review, 2012; 56 studies: improves. Antioxidant therapy in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review
- Study, 2007: improves. It is important to lower homocysteine in dialysis patients
- Randomised trial, 2003; 134 people; hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal failure: improves.
relative risk, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.38 to 0.95], P=0.03
The antioxidant acetylcysteine reduces cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal failure: a randomized, controlled trial
- Meta-analysis, 2024; 19 studies, 3,718 people; patients undergoing coronary catheterization or cardiac surgery: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng): cardiovascular events
The best available review (2013, 17 studies, 1,747 people) found little or no difference in cardiovascular events. That review studied patients with coronary heart disease. The evidence is moderate.
1 study counted of 9 read: 1 review.
- Systematic review, 2013; 17 studies, 1,747 people; patients with coronary heart disease: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
did not show significant effect on reducing cardiovascular events
Oral Panax notoginseng Preparation for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
- Systematic review, 2013; 17 studies, 1,747 people; patients with coronary heart disease: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
Probiotics: blood pressure
The studies disagree. A Cochrane review (2025, 17 studies, 838 people) did not settle it for blood pressure, while 7 of the 10 studies read found an improvement. The evidence is very weak.
10 studies counted of 10 read: 10 reviews.
- Systematic review, 2025; 17 studies, 838 people; children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
Probiotics compared to placebo may have little to no effect on
Gut microbiome-based interventions for the management of obesity in children and adolescents aged up to 19 years - Meta-analysis, 2026; 17 studies, 1,281 people; adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: improves.
significantly reduction in both systolic BP
Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Adults with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Grade-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2025; 26 studies, 1,755 people; overweight and obese adults: improves.
beneficial effect on systolic blood pressure
The Effects of Probiotics Consumption on Blood Pressure, Lipid Profile, Glycemic Indices, and Inflammatory Parameters in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - Systematic review, 2022; 5 studies, 250 people; solid organ transplant recipients: unclear: evidence too weak to tell.
Probiotics had uncertain effects on GI side effects, infection rates immediately post-transplant, liver function, blood …
Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients - Systematic review, 2020; 5 studies, 2,703 people; hypertensive adults with or without type 2 diabetes: improves.
moderate effect of probiotics on BP in hypertensive adults
Effect of probiotic foods and supplements on blood pressure: a systematic review of meta-analyses studies of controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2020; 14 studies, 846 people; patients with hypertension: improves.
significant reduction in SBP by - 2.05 mmHg
Effects of Probiotics on Patients with Hypertension: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2020; 7 studies, 653 people: no clear difference. Effect of Lactobacillusplantarum containing probiotics on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis, 2020; 32 studies; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: improves.
significant effect of probiotics on reducing
Probiotics have beneficial metabolic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials - Meta-analysis, 2018; 11 studies, 641 people; adults with type II diabetes: improves.
significantly decreased SBP (WMD, -3.28 mmHg
Probiotic supplementation for management of cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type II diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2014; 9 studies: improves.
significantly changed systolic BP by -3.56 mm Hg
Effect of probiotics on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials
- Systematic review, 2025; 17 studies, 838 people; children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
Rhodiola Rosea: cardiovascular events
Too few usable studies were found to tell whether Rhodiola Rosea changes cardiovascular events. 9 studies were read and none could be counted.
Saffron: cardiovascular events
Too few usable studies were found to tell whether Saffron changes cardiovascular events. 9 studies were read and none could be counted.
Theanine: blood pressure
The studies read are too weak to tell whether Theanine changes blood pressure. They lean toward an improvement, which is not enough to claim one. The evidence is very weak.
3 studies counted of 7 read: 3 trials (73 people in the trials).
- Randomised trial, 2020; 11 people: no clear difference.
no differences between the three conditions (all p > 0.05)
The Effect of L-Theanine Incorporated in a Functional Food Product (Mango Sorbet) on Physiological Responses in Healthy Males: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial - Crossover trial, 2012; 14 people; adults undergoing physical and psychological stress: improves.
L-theanine significantly inhibited the blood-pressure increases
Effects of L-theanine or caffeine intake on changes in blood pressure under physical and psychological stresses - Crossover trial, 2008; 48 people: improves.
Theanine antagonised the effect of caffeine on blood pressure
Time for tea: mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together
- Randomised trial, 2020; 11 people: no clear difference.
Theanine: cardiovascular events
Too few usable studies were found to tell whether Theanine changes cardiovascular events. 9 studies were read and none could be counted.
Vitamin D: cardiovascular events
The best available review (2026, 9 studies, 114,379 people) found little or no difference in cardiovascular events. All 5 studies read agree. The evidence is moderate.
5 studies counted of 11 read: 5 reviews.
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 9 studies, 114,379 people: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
vitamin D did not reduce any CVD events
Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and pooled meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials - Meta-analysis, 2024; 36 studies, 493,389 people: no clear difference.
no significant difference between vitamin D supplementation and placebo
Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Outcomes With Vitamin D Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2022: no clear difference.
no significant effects on the primary outcomes, including cancer, cardiovascular events
Critical Appraisal of Large Vitamin D Randomized Controlled Trials - Meta-analysis, 2020; 22 studies, 83,200 people: no clear difference.
CHD events (RR 1.00, CI 0.91-1.10)
Vitamin D supplementation, cardiac events and stroke: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis - Meta-analysis, 2019: no clear difference.
regarding CVD events and mortality from
Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 9 studies, 114,379 people: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
Vitamin E: cardiovascular events
The studies read do not show a clear benefit for cardiovascular events. One reading found evidence too weak to tell, a second reading of the same search found little or no difference. The evidence is very weak.
4 studies counted of 11 read: 4 reviews.
- Systematic review, 2026; 58 studies: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
almost all of the trials suggested no beneficial impact
Vitamin E and heart disease: a thematic systematic review - Meta-analysis, 2015; 16 studies: improves.
vitamin E given alone significantly decreased myocardial infarction
Supplementation with vitamin E alone is associated with reduced myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2013; 15 studies, 188,209 people: no clear difference.
had no effect on major cardiovascular events
Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2004; 7 studies: no clear difference.
neither a statistically significant nor a clinically important effect
Randomized trials of vitamin E in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease
- Systematic review, 2026; 58 studies: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
Vitamin E: blood pressure
Mixed or unclear: two readings of the studies disagreed. One reading found mixed results for blood pressure, the other an improvement. The question is open.
Possible harm: 1 study read reported a worse result for blood pressure with Vitamin E. One abstract says: "We did observe an overall increase in BW (SMD: 0.063 kg, 95% CI: -0.200, 0.327, p = 0.637) and DBP (SMD: 0.249 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.053, 0.446, p = 0.013)." Check the studies below, and ask a doctor or pharmacist if this applies to you.
6 studies counted of 10 read: 6 reviews.
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 52 studies, 1,425 people; individuals with type 2 diabetes: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
observed only with vitamin C and combined
Effects of Vitamin C and/or E Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Subgroup Meta-analysis - Systematic review, 2024; 23 studies, 2,218 people; adults with essential hypertension: improves.
only vitamin E was significantly more effective at reducing SBP
Effect of vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and folic acid in adults with essential hypertension: a systematic review and network meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2023; general, normotensive population: improves.
Vitamin E and potassium only yielded significant reductions in SBP
Vitamins and Minerals for Blood Pressure Reduction in the General, Normotensive Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Six Supplements - Meta-analysis, 2022; 17 studies; all individuals, irrespective of health condition: mixed results.
significant reduction in SBP was observed
The effects of tocotrienols intake on obesity, blood pressure, inflammation, liver and glucose biomarkers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2019; 18 studies, 839 people: improves.
SBP decreased significantly in vitamin E group
Effect of vitamin E supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2017; 60 studies: no clear difference.
ViE-m use had no impact on lipid profile, dialysis adequacy, blood pressure
Effects of Vitamin E-Coated versus Conventional Membranes in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 52 studies, 1,425 people; individuals with type 2 diabetes: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
Vitamin K2 (MK-7): cardiovascular events
The 4 studies read (939 people in all) mostly found little or no difference in cardiovascular events. The evidence is limited.
4 studies counted of 9 read: 4 trials (939 people in the trials).
- Randomised trial, 2023; 304 people; men with no ischemic heart disease: improves.
Safety events were fewer in participants receiving supplementation
Effects of Vitamin K2 and D Supplementation on Coronary Artery Disease in Men: A RCT - Randomised trial, 2023; 138 people: no clear difference.
MACE and mortality was not statistically different
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of the Effect of Treatment with Vitamin K2 on Vascular Calcification in Hemodialysis Patients (Trevasc-HDK) - Randomised trial, 2022; 365 people; men with aortic valve calcification: no clear difference.
or cardiovascular events (10 versus 10 patients; P=0.99)
Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial - Randomised trial, 2020; 132 people; hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation: no clear difference. Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin K Antagonist Replacement by Rivaroxaban with or without Vitamin K2 in Hemodialysis Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: the Valkyrie Study
- Randomised trial, 2023; 304 people; men with no ischemic heart disease: improves.
Whey Protein: blood pressure
The best available review (2026, 65 studies) found an improvement in blood pressure. 5 of the 7 studies read agree; 2 found no clear difference. The evidence is moderate.
7 studies counted of 10 read: 6 reviews and 1 trial (54 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 65 studies: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: -1.99 mmHg
Impacts of Milk Protein Supplementation on Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2025; 21 studies: no clear difference.
no clinically relevant effect of whey protein supplementation on blood pressure
The effects of whey protein supplementation on indices of cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2023; 18 studies, 1,177 people: improves. The effects of whey protein on blood pressure: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
- Meta-analysis, 2019; 37 studies, 2,344 people; overweight and obese individuals: improves.
whey supplementation significantly reduced the SBP, DBP, HDL, waist circumference, TG and FBS in intervention …
The effect of whey protein on the components of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese individuals; a systematic review and meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2018; 9 studies: improves.
improvements in multiple CVD risk factors including levels of systolic blood pressure
Whey Protein Supplementation Improves Body Composition and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Systematic review, 2013: improves.
both milk proteins were shown to reduce BP
The impact of milk proteins and peptides on blood pressure and vascular function: a review of evidence from human intervention studies - Randomised trial, 2019; 54 people; pre- and mildly hypertensive adults: no clear difference.
SBP was significantly lower in the whey protein group
Effect of whey protein on blood pressure in pre- and mildly hypertensive adults: A randomized controlled study
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 65 studies: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
Zinc: blood pressure
The best available review (2024, 22 studies, 1,442 people) found an improvement in blood pressure. That review studied adults with type 2 diabetes. 2 of the 4 studies read agree; 2 found no clear difference. The evidence is moderate.
4 studies counted of 10 read: 3 reviews and 1 trial (242 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2024; 22 studies, 1,442 people; adults with type 2 diabetes: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD): -3.64 mmHg
Effect of zinc supplementation in the management of type 2 diabetes: A grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation-assessed, dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2020; 20 studies, 1,141 people: no clear difference.
effects of zinc supplementation on blood pressure
Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - Meta-analysis, 2020; 9 studies: improves.
Zinc supplementation significantly reduced SBP compared to the control
The effect of zinc supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials - Randomised trial, 2017; 242 people; peruvian children aged 4.5 years: no clear difference.
No difference in measures of child cardiometabolic risk
Effect of maternal zinc supplementation on the cardiometabolic profile of Peruvian children: results from a randomized clinical trial
- Meta-analysis, 2024; 22 studies, 1,442 people; adults with type 2 diabetes: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
Key findings
- Blood PressureImproves (the measure goes down)
- Blood glucoseImproves (the measure goes down)
- Systolic/Diastolic BPImproves (the measure goes down)
The High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) protocol
2 primary supplements · 4 supporting supplements
- Cocoa Extract500–1,000 mg cocoa flavanols daily (or 30–40 g dark chocolate 70%+)
- Aged Garlic Extract600–1,200 mg aged garlic extract daily
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Studies cited
29 studies from PubMed
- The effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Effects of the Modified DASH Diet on Adults With Elevated Blood Pressure or Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Influence of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials
- Effects of Different Dietary Interventions on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
- A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and tolerability of oral stevioside in human hypertension
- Apparent lack of pharmacological effect of steviol glycosides used as sweeteners in humans. A pilot study of repeated exposures in some normotensive and hypotensive individuals and in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetics
- The hemodynamic effects of rebaudioside A in healthy adults with normal and low-normal blood pressure
- Efficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study
- Effects of Concord grape juice on ambulatory blood pressure in prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension
- Changes in antioxidant status, blood pressure, and lymphocyte DNA damage from grape juice supplementation
- Whole Red Grape Juice Reduces Blood Pressure at Rest and Increases Post-exercise Hypotension
- Concord grape juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in Korean hypertensive men: double-blind, placebo controlled intervention trial
- A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids
- Garlic supplementation prevents oxidative DNA damage in essential hypertension
- The effect of garlic on the lowering of blood pressure in the patients with hypertension: an updated meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
- Aged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial
- Effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension
- Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trial
- Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial.
- Repeated sauna therapy reduces urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2alpha)
- The Effect of Vegan Diets on Blood Pressure in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
- Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Pressure Lowering: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis
- Comparative effects of different dietary approaches on blood pressure in hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
- Daily blueberry consumption improves blood pressure and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Short-Term RCT of Increased Dietary Potassium from Potato or Potassium Gluconate: Effect on Blood Pressure, Microcirculation, and Potassium and Sodium Retention in Pre-Hypertensive-to-Hypertensive Adults
- Effects of beetroot juice on blood pressure in hypertension according to European Society of Hypertension Guidelines: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Impact of strawberry consumption on blood pressure in adults: GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of data from randomized controlled trials.
- Effectiveness of aerobic exercise in reducing blood pressure among obese adults: systematic review and meta-analysis.
- The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension and ketogenic diets intervention on serum uric acid concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.