| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Carnitine Large Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Large effect | 2 studies | 23 people | ||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 23 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 23 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 23 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 23 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 23 people | |||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 23 people |
Supplement
L-Carnitine is a compound made from amino acids that carries fatty acids into the mitochondria, the cell's energy producers, so they can be burned for fuel. People mostly look at it for prediabetes, and the evidence is moderate: several trials found blood glucose improved. Those studies were small in effect, though, and the findings mostly come from pooled analyses of trials, so they don't show how it works for any one person.
Sources: PMID 20963457; PMID 32932644
- Updated
- How we grade
- 100 studies cited
- Best evidence
- Grade A
- Conditions studied
- 70
- Outcomes
- 558
- Graded outcomes
- 373315
Evidence by condition
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
Oligospermia
- Fertility: improves
- Seminal Motility: improves
- Sperm Count: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fertility Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 338 people | |||
| Seminal Motility | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 244 people | |||
Studies that measured seminal motility | ||||||
| Sperm Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 693 people | ||||
Cirrhosis
- Ammonia: improves
- Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms: improves
- Cramps: improves
Prediabetes
- Blood glucose: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- ADHD Symptoms: improves
- Attention: improves
- Aggression: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 4 studies | 234 people | ||
Studies that measured adhd symptoms
| ||||||
| Attention | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 26 people | |||
Studies that measured attention | ||||||
| Aggression | Improves (the measure goes up) | 26 people | ||||
Erectile Dysfunction
- Erections: improves
- Sexual Function: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erections Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 2 studies | 147 people | ||
| Sexual Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 96 people | |||
End-Stage Renal Disease
- Blood Pressure: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
Type 2 Diabetes
- Adiponectin: improves
- Apolipoprotein A
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Muscle Size & Strength
- Anaerobic Capacity: improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
Atherosclerosis
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
- Triglycerides: improves
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
- Blood glucose: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
High Blood Pressure
- Blood glucose: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 5 studies | 229 people | ||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 229 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 229 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 229 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 3 studies | 229 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 851 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 229 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 229 people | |||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Kidney Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Lipoprotein(a) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 229 people |
Type 1 Diabetes
- Blood glucose: improves
- Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms: improves
- HbA1c: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 5 studies | 232 people | ||
| Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 232 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 232 people |
Diabetic Neuropathy
- Blood glucose: improves
- Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms: improves
- HbA1c: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 5 studies | 232 people | ||
| Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 232 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 232 people |
Hypothyroidism
- Blood glucose: improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
- Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 5 studies | 60 people | ||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 60 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 60 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 60 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 60 people | |||
| Serum T3 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 60 people | |||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 60 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 60 people | ||||
| Serum T4 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 60 people |
Surgical Recovery
- Ammonia: improves
- Neutrophil Count: improves
- Blood Clotting: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammonia Moderate Decrease | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 5 studies | 208 people | ||
| Neutrophil Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 208 people | |||
| Blood Clotting | Improves (the measure goes up) | 208 people |
Peripheral Arterial Disease
- Blood Carnitine: improves
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
- Intermittent Claudication Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Carnitine Large Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Large effect | 2 studies | 7 people | ||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 5 studies | 63 people | |||
| Intermittent Claudication Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 62 people | |||
| Peripheral Vascular Disease Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 82 people | |||
| Peak flow time | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 12 people | |||
| Blood Flow | Improves (the measure goes up) | 68 people | ||||
| Hyperemia | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Lung Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 7 people | ||||
| Quality of Life | Improves (the measure goes up) | 62 people | ||||
| Strength | Improves (the measure goes up) | 7 people | ||||
| Walking Ability | Improves (the measure goes up) | 151 people |
Acne
- Blood Carnitine: improves
- Urine Carnitine: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Carnitine Large Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Large effect | 2 studies | 230 people | ||
| Urine Carnitine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 230 people |
Body Composition
- Blood Carnitine: improves
- Power Output: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
Fatigue
- Cognition: improves
- Fatigue Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 2 studies | 96 people | ||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 96 people |
Healthy Muscle Aging
- Blood Carnitine: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
- Interleukin 6: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Carnitine Large Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Large effect | 2 studies | 20 people | ||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 20 people | |||
| Interleukin 6 | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 20 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 20 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| Weight | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| IGF-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| Strength | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people |
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Moderate Decrease | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 1 study | 72 people | ||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 72 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 72 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 72 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 72 people | |||
| Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 72 people | |||
| Interleukin 1-beta | Improves (the measure goes down) | 72 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 72 people | ||||
| Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 72 people | ||||
| Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 72 people | ||||
| Osteoarthritis Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 216 people | ||||
| Pain | Improves (the measure goes down) | 144 people | ||||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 72 people |
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- Atherosclerotic Signs
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atherosclerotic Signs Mixed effect | 1 study | 60 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 60 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 839 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 60 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 839 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 3 studies | 839 people | |||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 180 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 60 people | |||
| Beta-cell function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| DHEAS | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Free Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Insulin Resistance | Improves (the measure goes down) | 839 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 839 people | ||||
| Nitric Oxide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| vLDL-C | Improves (the measure goes down) | 60 people |
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome)
- Attention: improves
- Fatigue Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 1 study | 90 people | ||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 174 people |
Cognitive Improvement
- Body Fat: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
- Memory: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Fat Small Decrease | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 66 people | ||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 66 people | |||
| Memory | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 455 people | |||
| Subjective Well-Being | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 400 people | |||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 66 people | ||||
| Reaction Time | Improves (the measure goes up) | 400 people | ||||
| Verbal Memory | Improves (the measure goes up) | 55 people |
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
- Body Fat: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Fat Small Decrease | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 71 people | ||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 71 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 72 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 102 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 72 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 71 people | |||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Transforming Growth Factor Beta | Improves (the measure goes up) | 72 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 71 people |
Alcohol Use Disorder
- Alcohol Dependence Symptoms: improves
- Subjective Well-Being: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol Dependence Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 64 people | ||
| Subjective Well-Being | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 64 people |
Weight Loss & Maintenance
- Body Fat: improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Fat Small Decrease | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 96 people | ||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 84 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 96 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 12 people | |||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 84 people | ||||
| Hydration (Total Body Water) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people |
Asthma
- Asthma Symptoms: improves
- Eosinophil count: changes; see studies
- Immunoglobulin E: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 50 people | ||
| Eosinophil count | Changes; see studies | 50 people | ||||
| Immunoglobulin E | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people | ||||
| Lung Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people |
Hashimoto's disease
- Bone Mineral Density: improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
- Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone Mineral Density Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 1 study | 50 people | ||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 50 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 50 people | |||
| Hyperthyroidism Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 50 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 50 people | |||
| Ferritin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people | ||||
| Osteocalcin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people | ||||
| Sex Hormone Binding Globulin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people |
Metabolic Health
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 12 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 30 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 30 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 2,467 people | |||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 5 studies | 12 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 30 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 3 studies | 1,631 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 12 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 61 people | |||
| Oxygen Uptake | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 12 people | |||
| Free Fatty Acids | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 35 people | |||
| Interleukin 6 | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 169 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 40 people | |||
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 40 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 337 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 12 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 891 people | |||
| Fat Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 8 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 1,766 people | |||
| Hematocrit | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 10 people | |||
| Neutrophil Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 10 people | |||
| Plasma Nitrate | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 15 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 12 people | |||
| Basophil Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Bilirubin | Changes; see studies | 10 people | ||||
| Blood Flow | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| C-Peptide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 15 people | ||||
| Carbohydrate Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 23 people | ||||
| Creatinine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 38 people | ||||
| Glycerol | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 27 people | ||||
| Hemoglobin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Hydration (Total Body Water) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Insulin Resistance | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,449 people | ||||
| Ketone Bodies | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Lymphocyte Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Metabolic Rate | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| Monocyte Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Nitric Oxide | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Serum Albumin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Urea | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Uric Acid | Improves (the measure goes down) | 10 people | ||||
| White Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people |
Infertility
- DNA Damage: improves
- Sperm Quality: improves
- Seminal Motility: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA Damage Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 100 people | |||
| Sperm Quality | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 studies | ||||
| Seminal Motility | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | ||||
| Fertility | Improves (the measure goes up) | 338 people | ||||
| Sperm Count | Improves (the measure goes up) |
Metabolic Syndrome
- Adiponectin: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 32 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 321 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 207 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 303 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 375 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 3 studies | 30 people | |||
| Free Fatty Acids | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| Atherosclerotic Signs | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 177 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 66 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| Apolipoprotein A | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Apolipoprotein B | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Appetite | Changes; see studies | 30 people | ||||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 62 people | ||||
| Hip Circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Lipoprotein(a) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 207 people | ||||
| Uric Acid | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 115 people |
Obesity
- Adiponectin: improves
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 258 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 258 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 258 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 274 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 258 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 3 studies | 258 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 258 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 36 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 258 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 258 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 258 people | |||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 258 people | ||||
| Leptin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 258 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 258 people | ||||
| Metabolic Rate | Improves (the measure goes up) | 36 people |
Migraine Headache
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Migraine Severity: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 72 people | |||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 72 people | |||
| Migraine Severity | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 205 people | |||
| Migraine Duration | Improves (the measure goes down) | 205 people | ||||
| Migraine Frequency | Improves (the measure goes down) | 205 people |
Dysthymia
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Subjective Well-Being: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 80 people | |||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 80 people | |||
| Subjective Well-Being | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 204 people |
General Liver Health
- Glycemic Control: improves
- Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
- TNF-Alpha: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycemic Control Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 30 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 30 people |
Immune Health
- Blood Flow: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 30 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 75 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 75 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 75 people | |||
| Myeloperoxidase | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 75 people | |||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 75 people |
Cardiovascular Disease
- Exercise Capacity: improves
- ST-segment depression: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise Capacity Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 44 people | |||
| ST-segment depression | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 44 people |
General Cardiovascular Health
- Blood Flow: improves
- TNF-Alpha: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 30 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 30 people |
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Cortisol: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortisol Small Decrease | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 30 people | |||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 30 people |
Mitochondrial Myopathy
- Exercise Capacity: improves
- Muscle Mass: improves
- Oxygen Uptake: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise Capacity Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 12 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 12 people | |||
| Oxygen Uptake | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 12 people | |||
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 12 people | |||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 12 people | ||||
| Lung Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Strength | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Blood Lactate (Exercise)
- COPD Symptoms: improves
- Weight: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) No effect | NoneNo effect | 5 studies | 16 people | |||
| COPD Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 16 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 16 people |
General Athletic Performance
- Aerobic Exercise Metrics
- Total cholesterol: improves
- Ammonia: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Metrics No effect | NoneNo effect | 4 studies | 32 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 84 people | |||
| Ammonia | Changes; see studies | 5 studies | 20 people | |||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 5 studies | 89 people | |||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 107 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 127 people | |||
| Muscle Soreness | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 24 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 55 people | |||
| Oxygen Uptake | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 48 people | |||
| Blood Carnitine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 57 people | |||
| Exercise-Induced Oxidation | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 59 people | |||
| Interleukin 6 | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 20 people | |||
| Muscle Damage | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 37 people | |||
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 24 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 20 people | |||
| Androgen Receptor Density | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 10 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 107 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| Creatine Kinase | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 6 people | |||
| Fat Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 24 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 43 people | |||
| Anaerobic Capacity | Improves (the measure goes up) | 38 people | ||||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 93 people | ||||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 29 people | ||||
| IGF Binding Protein | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| IGF-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Ketone Bodies | Improves (the measure goes up) | 14 people | ||||
| Lung Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Muscle Carnitine Content | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Muscle Oxygenation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 9 people | ||||
| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Improves (the measure goes up) | 14 people | ||||
| Strength | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 23 people |
Muscle Recovery
- Aerobic Exercise Metrics
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Metrics No effect | NoneNo effect | 4 studies | 12 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 8 people | |||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 5 studies | 57 people | |||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 18 people | |||
| Muscle Soreness | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 42 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 53 people | |||
| Blood Carnitine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 8 people | |||
| Exercise-Induced Oxidation | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 60 people | |||
| Muscle Damage | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 38 people | |||
| Creatine Kinase | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 27 people | |||
| Hypoxanthine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 8 people | ||||
| IGF Binding Protein | Improves (the measure goes up) | 18 people | ||||
| IGF-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Myoglobin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 8 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 21 people | ||||
| Uric Acid | Improves (the measure goes down) | 10 people | ||||
| Xanthine Oxidase | Improves (the measure goes up) | 8 people |
Aerobic Exercise Performance
- Aerobic Exercise Metrics
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
- Power Output: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Metrics No effect | NoneNo effect | 4 studies | 56 people | |||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 5 studies | 81 people | |||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 32 people | |||
| Fat Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 5 people | |||
| Muscle Carnitine Content | Improves (the measure goes up) | 32 people |
Cycling Performance
- Aerobic Exercise Metrics
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Metrics No effect | NoneNo effect | 4 studies | 17 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 15 people | |||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 5 studies | 53 people | |||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 90 people | |||
| Fat Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 5 people | |||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 15 people | ||||
| Muscle Carnitine Content | Improves (the measure goes up) | 8 people |
Running Performance
- Aerobic Exercise Metrics
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
- Power Output: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Metrics No effect | NoneNo effect | 4 studies | 7 people | |||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 5 studies | 26 people | |||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 7 people | |||
| Oxygen Uptake | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 7 people | |||
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 7 people | |||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 33 people | ||||
| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Improves (the measure goes up) | 26 people | ||||
| Running Speed | Improves (the measure goes up) | 26 people |
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- Aerobic Exercise Metrics
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Metrics No effect | NoneNo effect | 4 studies | 12 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 229 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 229 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 229 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 229 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 3 studies | 229 people | |||
| Exercise-Induced Oxidation | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 12 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 229 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 229 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 229 people | |||
| Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Kidney Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Lipoprotein(a) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 229 people |
Anaerobic Exercise Performance
- Aerobic Exercise Metrics
- Power Output: improves
- Muscle Carnitine Content: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Metrics No effect | NoneNo effect | 4 studies | 32 people | |||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 32 people | |||
| Muscle Carnitine Content | Improves (the measure goes up) | 32 people |
Renal Anemia
- Hematocrit
- Total Iron Binding Capacity: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hematocrit No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 14 people | |||
| Total Iron Binding Capacity | Improves (the measure goes up) | 14 people |
High Cholesterol
- Apolipoprotein A
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apolipoprotein A No effect | NoneNo effect | 291 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 477 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 561 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 398 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 477 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 3 studies | 323 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 84 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 229 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 84 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 398 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 398 people | |||
| Apolipoprotein B | Improves (the measure goes down) | 216 people | ||||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 84 people | ||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 259 people | ||||
| Kidney Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 229 people | ||||
| Lipoprotein(a) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 323 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 445 people | ||||
| Superoxide Dismutase Activity | Improves (the measure goes up) | 47 people |
Male Sexual Dysfunction
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms
- Sperm Quality: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms No effect | NoneNo effect | 120 people | ||||
| Sperm Quality | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 studies | 459 people | |||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 120 people | |||
| Erections | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 256 people | |||
| Prostate-Specific Antigen | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 120 people | |||
| Sexual Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 216 people | |||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 120 people | ||||
| Fertility | Improves (the measure goes up) | 459 people | ||||
| Free Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 120 people | ||||
| Luteinizing Hormone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 120 people | ||||
| Sperm Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 459 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 120 people |
Dyslipidemia
- Apolipoprotein A
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apolipoprotein A No effect | NoneNo effect | 93 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 178 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 190 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 120 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 178 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 35 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 85 people | |||
| Apolipoprotein B | Improves (the measure goes down) | 93 people | ||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Lipoprotein(a) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 93 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 178 people |
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Apolipoprotein A
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
- Total cholesterol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apolipoprotein A No effect | NoneNo effect | 47 people | ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 studies | 47 people | |||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 47 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 47 people | |||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 75 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 75 people | |||
| Interleukin 6 | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 47 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 47 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 75 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 75 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 47 people | |||
| Myeloperoxidase | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 75 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 75 people | |||
| Apolipoprotein B | Improves (the measure goes down) | 47 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 47 people | ||||
| Superoxide Dismutase Activity | Improves (the measure goes up) | 47 people | ||||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 75 people |
Swimming Performance
- Blood Acidity
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
- Blood Carnitine: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Acidity No effect | NoneNo effect | 20 people | ||||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 5 studies | 20 people | |||
| Blood Carnitine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 20 people |
Overweight
- Blood glucose: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 5 studies | 16 people |
Fragile X Syndrome
- ADHD Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 4 studies | 56 people |
Intermittent Claudication
- Intermittent Claudication Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intermittent Claudication Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 570 people |
Depression
- Depression Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 447 people |
Hypocarnitinemia
- Cognition: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 38 people |
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- Autism Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autism Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people |
Fibromyalgia
- Fibromyalgia Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fibromyalgia Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 102 people |
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 36 people |
Bone Health
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperthyroidism Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 50 people |
Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperthyroidism Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 50 people |
Muscle Cramps
- Cramps: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cramps | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 42 people |
Traumatic Brain Injury
- Brain Injury Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain Injury Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 40 people |
Celiac Disease
- Fatigue Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 60 people |
Key findings
- AmmoniaImproves (the measure goes down)
- FertilityImproves (the measure goes up)
- Blood glucoseImproves (the measure goes down)
Shop the evidence-backed picks
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Third-party tested L-Carnitine products, in the forms the graded studies used where we can match them.
- Grade A
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Studies cited
100 studies from PubMed
- L-carnitine ameliorated fasting-induced fatigue, hunger, and metabolic abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled study
- L-Carnitine's Effect on the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
- Ameliorating hypertension and insulin resistance in subjects at increased cardiovascular risk: effects of acetyl-L-carnitine therapy
- Comparative study to evaluate the effect of l-carnitine plus glimepiride versus glimepiride alone on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients
- Effects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Comparison between orlistat plus l-carnitine and orlistat alone on inflammation parameters in obese diabetic patients
- Effects of combination of sibutramine and L-carnitine compared with sibutramine monotherapy on inflammatory parameters in diabetic patients
- L-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetes
- Effect of L-carnitine on plasma glycemic and lipidemic profile in patients with type II diabetes mellitus
- Effect of carnitine-orotate complex on glucose metabolism and fatty liver: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
- Efficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with L-carnitine and simvastatin in lowering lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Blood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled Trial
- The effects of oral L-carnitine treatment on blood lipid metabolism and the body fat content in the diabetic patient
- The effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
- The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in participants with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.
- Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine and methylcobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial
- Effect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
- The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic markers in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.
- L-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients
- Caloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolism
- Preliminary observations on the use of propionyl-L-carnitine in combination with sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction and diabetes
- Acetyl-l-carnitine versus placebo for migraine prophylaxis: A randomized, triple-blind, crossover study
- The effects of magnesium, L-carnitine, and concurrent magnesium-L-carnitine supplementation in migraine prophylaxis
- Effects of carnitine on glucose and lipid metabolic profiles and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Oral carnitine supplementation reduces body weight and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
- Effects of Carnitine Administration on Carotid Intima-media Thickness and Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial
- Effects of L-carnitine supplementation for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Effect of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance
- Influence of L-carnitine administration on maximal physical exercise
- Effects of nine weeks L-Carnitine supplementation on exercise performance, anaerobic power, and exercise-induced oxidative stress in resistance-trained males
- l-Carnitine l-tartrate supplementation favorably affects biochemical markers of recovery from physical exertion in middle-aged men and women
- Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine produces enhanced anaerobic work capacity with reduced lactate accumulation in resistance trained males
- Chronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans
- The effect of oral supplementation with L-carnitine on maximum and submaximum exercise capacity
- Effect of intravenous L-carnitine on carnitine homeostasis and fuel metabolism during exercise in humans
- Effects of prolonged L-carnitine administration on delayed muscle pain and CK release after eccentric effort
- l-Carnitine Supplementation in Older Women. A Pilot Study on Aging Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function
- Effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on muscle oxygenation responses to resistance exercise
- The effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance exercise and recovery
- Levocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue: effect on body composition, lipid profile and fatigue
- Oxidative stress in response to aerobic and anaerobic power testing: influence of exercise training and carnitine supplementation
- Effect of L-carnitine on submaximal exercise metabolism after depletion of muscle glycogen
- Androgenic responses to resistance exercise: effects of feeding and L-carnitine
- Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism during exercise after oral carnitine supplementation in humans
- Effects of four weeks L-carnitine L-tartrate ingestion on substrate utilization during prolonged exercise
- L -Carnitine and the recovery from exhaustive endurance exercise: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
- Effects of carnitine coingested caffeine on carnitine metabolism and endurance capacity in athletes
- Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on physical performance and energy metabolism of endurance-trained athletes: a double-blind crossover field study
- Clinical Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Healthy Subjects, the Key to Success in Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from the Rehabilitation Point of View.
- L-Carnitine/Simvastatin Reduces Lipoprotein (a) Levels Compared with Simvastatin Monotherapy: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study
- Effect of lysine, vitamin B(6), and carnitine supplementation on the lipid profile of male patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a 12-week, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
- L-carnitine infusion does not alleviate lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility
- Effects of acute versus chronic L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on metabolic responses to steady state exercise in males and females
- Liver-Oriented Acute Metabolic Effects of A Low Dose of L-Carnitine under Fat-Mobilizing Conditions: Pilot Human Clinical Trial
- The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
- The effect of L-carnitine on inflammatory mediators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
- Single dose administration of L-carnitine improves antioxidant activities in healthy subjects
- Comparison of pre-workout nitric oxide stimulating dietary supplements on skeletal muscle oxygen saturation, blood nitrate/nitrite, lipid peroxidation, and upper body exercise performance in resistance trained men
- Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects
- L-carnitine supplementation to diet: a new tool in treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis--a randomized and controlled clinical trial
- Effects of carnitine supplementation on flow-mediated dilation and vascular inflammatory responses to a high-fat meal in healthy young adults
- The effect of l-carnitine on fat oxidation, protein turnover, and body composition in slightly overweight subjects
- Effects of exercise intensity and altered substrate availability on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to exercise after oral carnitine supplementation in athletes
- Safety measures of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation in healthy men
- Effects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on insulin sensitivity indices in response to glucose feeding in lean and overweight/obese males
- Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine increases plasma nitrate/nitrite in resistance trained men
- Effects of L-carnitine on oxidative stress responses in patients with renal disease
- Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Effects of combined treatment with simvastatin and L-carnitine on triglyceride levels in diabetic patients with hyperlipidaemia
- Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease
- Effects of carnitine on thyroid hormone action
- L-carnitine improves the asthma control in children with moderate persistent asthma
- Carnitine supplementation improves metabolic flexibility and skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine formation in volunteers with impaired glucose tolerance: A randomised controlled trial
- The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on performance during interval swimming
- Carnitine versus androgen administration in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, depressed mood, and fatigue associated with male aging
- Acetyl-L-carnitine plus propionyl-L-carnitine improve efficacy of sildenafil in treatment of erectile dysfunction after bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy
- l-carnitine and l-acetylcarnitine supplementation for idiopathic male infertility.
- Effects of L-carnitine administration on VO2max and the aerobic-anaerobic threshold in normoxia and acute hypoxia
- The effects of acute L-carnitine supplementation on endurance performance of athletes
- Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multi-site, placebo-controlled pilot trial
- Acetyl-L-carnitine as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled trial
- Efficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
- A double-blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of L-acetylcarnitine with placebo on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fragile X syndrome boys
- L-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese women
- Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy
- Acetyl-L-carnitine improves cognitive functions in severe hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized and controlled clinical trial
- Acetyl-L-carnitine reduces depression and improves quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy
- Oral acetyl-L-carnitine therapy reduces fatigue in overt hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
- L-Carnitine in the treatment of mild or moderate hepatic encephalopathy
- Acetyl-L-carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy
- L-Carnitine for the Treatment of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Advanced Liver Cirrhosis
- Effects of L-carnitine in patients with hepatic encephalopathy
- Cinnoxicam and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine treatment for idiopathic and varicocele-associated oligoasthenospermia
- Does L-carnitine therapy add any extra benefit to standard inguinal varicocelectomy in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid damage or sperm quality factor indices: a randomized study
- Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial
- Placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia
- Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial
- Oral carnitine supplementation increases sperm motility in asthenozoospermic men with normal sperm phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase levels
- Safety and efficacy of clomiphene citrate and L-carnitine in idiopathic male infertility: a comparative study
- Carnitine for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial