Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a broad term that refers to various diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) is the most common subtype of CVD and causes strokes and heart attacks.
Quick Answer
What it is
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a broad term that refers to various diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) is the most common subtype of CVD and causes strokes and heart attacks.
Key findings
- Grade A: Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) (Dulaglutide (Trulicity))
- Grade A: Non-fatal Stroke (Dulaglutide (Trulicity))
- Grade A: Systolic Blood Pressure (Dulaglutide (Trulicity))
Safety
- LEADER trial (9,340 patients) showed 13% reduction in MACE with liraglutide vs placebo (HR 0.87, P=0.01) in high-risk T2DM patients.
- LEADER trial showed significant reduction in cardiovascular death with liraglutide vs placebo in patients with T2DM and high CV risk.
- However, the relationship appears J-shaped, with very low sodium intake (<3g/day) also associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, suggesting an optimal range.
ℹ️ Quick Facts
Quick Facts: Cardiovascular Disease
- Supplements Studied:43
- Research Trials:25
- Total Participants:2,487,816
- Top Supplement:Panax notoginseng (B)
25 trials
2,487,816 participantsppts
43 supps · 223 outcomes
Evidence-Based Protocol
Supplement stack ranked by research quality
Primary Stack (Tier 1)
2-4g EPA/DHA daily (higher doses for elevated triglycerides)
Reduces triglycerides, decreases inflammation, improves endothelial function, and stabilizes cardiac rhythm
50 studies | 150,000 participants
100-300mg daily (ubiquinol form preferred)
Essential for mitochondrial energy production, reduces oxidative stress, and improves heart muscle function
30 studies | 3,000 participants
Supporting Stack (Tier 2)
300-500mg daily
Regulates blood pressure, supports cardiac rhythm, and improves endothelial function
25 studies | 2,000 participants
100-200mcg MK-7 daily
Activates matrix Gla protein to prevent arterial calcification and directs calcium to bones
15 studies | 1,000 participants
500-1000mg daily (enhanced bioavailability form)
Potent anti-inflammatory that improves endothelial function and reduces oxidative stress
20 studies | 1,500 participants
600-1200mg daily
Reduces blood pressure, improves arterial stiffness, and provides antioxidant protection
20 studies | 1,200 participants
How It Works
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. It develops over decades through atherosclerosis—the buildup of plaque in arteries—driven by inflammation, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia. While medications like statins are often necessary, supplements can provide additional cardiovascular protection by targeting multiple pathways.
•Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA) have the strongest evidence for cardiovascular benefit. The REDUCE-IT trial showed that high-dose EPA (4g/day) reduced cardiovascular events by 25% in high-risk patients already on statins. Omega-3s lower triglycerides, reduce inflammation, improve blood vessel function, and may prevent dangerous heart rhythms. For cardiovascular protection, higher doses (2-4g) are more effective than typical 1g doses.
•Coenzyme Q10 is essential for heart muscle energy production—the heart never stops beating and has enormous energy demands. CoQ10 levels decline with age and are depleted by statin medications. The Q-SYMBIO trial showed that CoQ10 supplementation reduced major cardiovascular events by 43% in heart failure patients. It also helps lower blood pressure modestly.
•Magnesium is critical for heart health—it regulates blood pressure, maintains normal heart rhythm, and supports blood vessel function. Low magnesium increases cardiovascular risk, and deficiency is common. Supplementation can lower blood pressure by 2-5 mmHg and reduce arrhythmia risk.
•Vitamin K2 (MK-7) plays a unique role in cardiovascular health by preventing calcium from depositing in arteries. It activates proteins that keep calcium in bones and out of blood vessels. Arterial calcification is a strong predictor of heart attack risk—K2 may help prevent it.
•Curcumin is a potent anti-inflammatory that addresses the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis. It improves endothelial function (how well blood vessels dilate) and reduces oxidative stress. Use enhanced bioavailability formulations for absorption.
•Aged Garlic Extract lowers blood pressure, reduces arterial stiffness, and may slow plaque progression. Studies show significant reductions in blood pressure in people with hypertension.
Expected timeline: Blood pressure effects from magnesium and garlic within 4-8 weeks. Omega-3 effects on triglycerides within 4-6 weeks. Long-term cardiovascular protection requires sustained use over years.
Generated from peer-reviewed researchSchema v2.0
Supplements for Cardiovascular Disease
Sorted by strength of evidence
Detailed Outcomes
Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
A
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE)
REWIND trial (9,901 patients) showed 12% reduction in MACE (HR 0.88, P=0.026) over median 5.4 years, the longest GLP-1 RA CV outcomes trial.
moderate↓Improves
A
Non-fatal Stroke
REWIND showed significant reduction in non-fatal stroke as component of MACE primary endpoint.
moderate↓Improves
A
Systolic Blood Pressure
REWIND showed 1.7 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure sustained over median 5.4 years follow-up.
small↓Improves
A
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE)
SELECT trial (17,604 patients) showed 20% reduction in MACE with semaglutide vs placebo (HR 0.80, P<0.001) in patients with obesity without diabetes.
moderate↓Improves
A
Cardiovascular Death
SELECT trial showed 24% reduction in cardiovascular death in heart failure subgroup (HR 0.76). Benefits observed in both HFrEF and HFpEF patients.
moderate↓Improves
A
Heart Failure Outcomes
SELECT heart failure prespecified analysis showed 21% reduction in composite heart failure endpoint (HR 0.79). Benefits seen in both preserved and reduced ejection fraction.
moderate↓Improves
A
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE)
LEADER trial (9,340 patients) showed 13% reduction in MACE with liraglutide vs placebo (HR 0.87, P=0.01) in high-risk T2DM patients.
moderate↓Improves
A
Cardiovascular Mortality
LEADER trial showed significant reduction in cardiovascular death with liraglutide vs placebo in patients with T2DM and high CV risk.
moderate↓Improves
A
All-Cause Mortality
LEADER trial demonstrated reduced all-cause mortality with liraglutide compared to placebo over median 3.8 years follow-up.
moderate↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
49 studies3048 participants
small↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
54 studies3364 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
49 studies2789 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
30 studies1716 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
21 studies1329 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
20 studies1186 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
17 studies1005 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
17 studies1025 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
15 studies1196 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
9 studies529 participants
↑Improves
?
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease
3 studies264 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Oxygenation
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
B
LDL Cholesterol
Meta-analyses: LDL reduced by 4.41-5.90mg/dL; 10% reduction when taken >2 months
39 studies2300 participants
small↓Improves
B
Total Cholesterol
Meta-analysis (PMID: 40580481): TC reduced by 10.21mg/dL with garlic consumption
39 studies2300 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
Angina Pectoris Symptoms
Multiple meta-analyses of Chinese RCTs (17-18 trials, ~1800 patients) consistently show that Panax notoginseng preparations added to conventional therapy alleviate angina symptoms (RR 1.23 for improvement), reduce angina frequency and duration, and improve ECG findings. However, trial quality is variable and most studies are from China.
18 studies1828 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
Platelet Aggregation
A meta-analysis of 20 RCTs (2,216 patients with coronary heart disease or ischemic stroke) found that Panax notoginseng preparations plus aspirin modulated platelet aggregation compared to aspirin alone, without increasing bleeding risk. In vitro studies show PNS inhibits platelet adhesion to injured endothelium via COX pathway.
20 studies2216 participants
small↓Improves
C
Cardiovascular Events
A systematic review of 18 RCTs (1,828 unstable angina patients) found PNS preparations reduced cardiovascular events (RR 0.35; 95% CI 0.13-0.94) as adjunct to conventional therapy. However, the wide confidence interval and small sample sizes limit confidence in this hard endpoint.
18 studies1828 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
12 studies405 participants
small↓Improves
?
Weight
15 studies532 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
14 studies526 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
14 studies558 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
14 studies578 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
14 studies637 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
12 studies421 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
5 studies199 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
5 studies177 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
3 studies122 participants
↓Improves
B
Lipid Profile (TC, LDL, TG)
Significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides; dose-response with ≥750mg/day for >8 weeks
11 studies718 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
Angina Symptoms
Multiple Chinese clinical trials of Compound Danshen Dripping Pills report reduced angina frequency and improved ECG findings when used as adjunct therapy. Study quality is generally moderate, and most evidence comes from Chinese-language literature with methodological limitations.
10 studies1500 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
9 studies329 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
17 studies894 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
15 studies658 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Albumin
10 studies516 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
7 studies191 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
6 studies266 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
6 studies271 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
6 studies172 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
5 studies216 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
5 studies216 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
4 studies156 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
4 studies190 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
4 studies353 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies147 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
3 studies135 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies225 participants
↓Improves
?
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
1 study1034 participants
↑Worsens
?
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1
1 study1034 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study1034 participants
↑Improves
B
Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Large epidemiological studies and RCTs associate high sodium intake (>5g/day) with increased cardiovascular events and mortality. However, the relationship appears J-shaped, with very low sodium intake (<3g/day) also associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, suggesting an optimal range.
8 studies50000 participants
moderate↑Worsens
B
Apolipoprotein A
Small Decrease
7 studies629 participants
small↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
11 studies1502 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
11 studies1502 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
10 studies1502 participants
↓Improves
?
Glutathione (GSH)
4 studies429 participants
↑Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
4 studies429 participants
↑Improves
B
Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Epidemiological studies and RCTs demonstrate that higher dietary linoleic acid intake, when replacing saturated fat, is associated with reduced cardiovascular events. Contrary to the popular narrative, controlled human trials show omega-6 (LA) does not increase systemic inflammatory markers relevant to atherosclerosis.
6 studies
moderate↓Improves
B
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
4 studies853 participants
small↓Improves
?
Vascular Function
7 studies853 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
5 studies853 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
5 studies853 participants
↓Improves
B
Ventricular Arrhythmia Reduction (IV Administration)
Multiple human clinical trials from the late 1970s, including double-blind studies, found that intravenous COP (1-3g) reduced ventricular premature beats and showed antiarrhythmic effectiveness in patients with ischemic heart disease. All evidence is limited to IV injection; no data exists for oral administration.
4 studies100 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
Venous Thromboembolism Risk
Pooled analysis of strontium ranelate RCTs revealed a ~50% increased risk of venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism), contributing to European Medicines Agency restrictions in 2014. This is a significant safety concern observed across multiple large trials.
3 studies7000 participants
moderate↑Worsens
B
Cardiovascular Event Risk
Post-marketing surveillance and pooled RCT analyses of strontium ranelate identified increased risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events, leading to contraindication in patients with cardiovascular disease and restriction by the European Medicines Agency in 2014.
3 studies7000 participants
moderate↑Worsens
B
All-Cause Mortality
EXSCEL showed nominal 14% reduction in all-cause mortality (P=0.016), though this was not the primary endpoint.
moderate↓Improves
B
Cardiovascular Outcomes (MACE)
SURPASS-CVOT showed tirzepatide non-inferior to dulaglutide for MACE in patients with T2DM and established cardiovascular disease.
moderate↓Improves
C
Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Multiple observational and mechanistic studies associate high serum phosphorus with increased cardiovascular disease risk and mortality, even within the normal reference range. Elevated phosphate intake, particularly from processed food additives, promotes vascular calcification and endothelial dysfunction through FGF23 and Klotho-related pathways.
5 studies
moderate↑Worsens
C
Cardiovascular Risk Markers
Reviews and mechanistic studies suggest that EFAs may function as endogenous HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, ACE enzyme inhibitors, and anti-arrhythmic agents. Combined omega-3 and omega-6 supplementation improved blood rheology markers in small human trials, supporting a 'polypill' hypothesis for cardiovascular protection.
3 studies
moderate↓Improves
C
Anxiety Symptoms
Small Improvement
1 study76 participants
small↓Improves
?
Depression Symptoms
1 study76 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Mixed effect
1 study40 participants
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
1 study120 participants
small↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies689 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
5 studies689 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
4 studies589 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies240 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
2 studies240 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study689 participants
↓Improves
C
Exercise Capacity
Small Improvement
1 study44 participants
small↑Improves
?
ST-segment depression
1 study44 participants
↓Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Mixed effect
1 study8 participants
?
Apolipoprotein A
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Atherosclerotic Signs
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Attack Risk
1 study3069 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
Microcirculation
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
?
Myeloperoxidase
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Peripheral Vascular Disease Risk
1 study3069 participants
↑Worsens
?
Stroke Risk
1 study3069 participants
↑Worsens
C
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
1 study40 participants
small↓Improves
?
Plasma Arginine
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood Flow
Moderate Increase
1 study36 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Moderate Decrease
1 study116 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study116 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study116 participants
↑Worsens
?
N-terminal Prohormone of Brain Natriuretic Peptide
1 study116 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study116 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study116 participants
↑Worsens
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Moderate Decrease
1 study90 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
Functionality in Elderly or Injured
1 study90 participants
↑Improves
C
All-Cause Mortality
Small Improvement
1 study908390 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
22 studies918 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
21 studies986 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
21 studies986 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
11 studies459 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
6 studies181 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
5 studies153 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies3303 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies3303 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies1317 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
1 study1986 participants
↓Improves
?
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
1 study908390 participants
↓Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study1986 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Failure Risk
1 study114009 participants
↑Worsens
?
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease
1 study114009 participants
↓Improves
?
Stroke Risk
1 study114009 participants
↑Worsens
?
Waist circumference
1 study1986 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study1986 participants
↓Improves
C
Cardiovascular Mortality
The COSMOS trial (n=21,442), a large RCT, found cocoa flavanol supplementation reduced cardiovascular mortality. EFSA has approved a health claim that 200mg cocoa flavanols daily helps maintain normal blood vessel elasticity, indicating regulatory-level recognition of cardiovascular benefit.
1 study21442 participants
moderate↓Improves
D
All-Cause Mortality
No effect
24 studies140983 participants
none
?
Coronary Artery Disease Risk
29 studies144384 participants
↑Worsens
?
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
25 studies143514 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Attack Risk
20 studies125611 participants
↑Worsens
?
Angina
19 studies42262 participants
↑Improves
?
Major Adverse Cardiac Events
17 studies135019 participants
↑Worsens
?
Stroke Risk
8 studies65404 participants
↑Worsens
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study102 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study102 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study102 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study102 participants
↓Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study102 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study102 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study102 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study102 participants
↓Improves
D
CVD Events/Mortality
Meta-analysis: RR 0.98 (0.94-1.03) for CVD; no effect on CHD, MI, or mortality despite homocysteine lowering
19 studies47921 participants
none
D
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
No effect
17 studies35760 participants
none
?
Major Adverse Cardiac Events
17 studies4364 participants
↑Worsens
?
Stroke Risk
11 studies16705 participants
↑Worsens
D
Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Epidemiological studies link higher dietary flavonol intake (including kaempferol from cruciferous vegetables, tea, and fruits) to reduced CVD risk. Preclinical models show endothelial protection and anti-inflammatory effects on vascular tissue. However, no human trials have tested isolated kaempferol supplementation for cardiovascular endpoints, and epidemiological associations cannot be attributed to kaempferol specifically.
8 studies
small↓Improves
D
Arterial Stiffness
No effect
7 studies534 participants
none
?
Vascular Function
6 studies153 participants
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
5 studies173 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
6 studies193 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
8 studies282 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
8 studies282 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
8 studies282 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
8 studies282 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
5 studies178 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin
2 studies68 participants
↑Worsens
D
CVD Events
PHS II (n=14,641): No reduction in cardiovascular events over 11 years. Meta-analyses confirm no CVD benefit.
5 studies50000 participants
none
D
All-Cause Mortality
No effect on all-cause mortality
5 studies19327 participants
none
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
7 studies2201 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
6 studies1776 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies2164 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
6 studies1776 participants
↑Worsens
?
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
4 studies18619 participants
↑Worsens
?
Coronary Artery Disease Risk
4 studies19061 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
3 studies1581 participants
↑Worsens
?
Heart Arrhythmias
2 studies4912 participants
↑Worsens
?
Major Adverse Cardiac Events
1 study110 participants
↑Worsens
D
CVD Mortality
CARET: 26% increased CVD mortality; meta-analysis shows increased CVD risk in supplementation trials
3 studies40000 participants
small↑Worsens
D
All-Cause Mortality
No effect
2 studies49417 participants
none
?
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
2 studies49417 participants
↓Improves
?
Lung Cancer Risk
2 studies49417 participants
↑Worsens
?
Stroke Risk
2 studies49417 participants
↑Worsens
?
Heart Failure Risk
1 study9541 participants
↑Worsens
?
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
1 study9541 participants
↑Improves
?
Major Adverse Cardiac Events
1 study9541 participants
↑Worsens
?
Prostate Cancer Risk
1 study9541 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood Pressure
No effect
2 studies60 participants
none
?
Calcium Score
4 studies733 participants
↑Improves
?
Osteocalcin
4 studies733 participants
↑Improves
?
Pulse Wave Velocity
3 studies733 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies60 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies60 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies60 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies60 participants
↓Improves
D
Arterial Stiffness
No effect
2 studies86 participants
none
?
Vascular Function
5 studies202 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
4 studies164 participants
↓Improves
?
Combined Anxiety & Depression
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Quality
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
D
Arterial Stiffness
No effect
2 studies45 participants
none
D
Pulse Wave Velocity
No effect
1 study45 participants
none
?
Vascular Function
2 studies45 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study705 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
10 studies569 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
10 studies569 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
9 studies525 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
9 studies525 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
7 studies338 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
7 studies302 participants
↑Worsens
?
Weight
7 studies457 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
5 studies241 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
3 studies116 participants
↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
1 study52 participants
none
?
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
1 study52 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
D
All-Cause Mortality
No effect
1 study3258 participants
none
?
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease
1 study3258 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
17 studies3039 participants
↑Worsens
?
Inflammation
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
?
Urinary NOx
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease
1 study57 participants
↓Improves
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Obesity
22 shared supplements · 525 outcomes
Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used. Obesity treatment usually involves restricting the calories eaten or creating a negative calorie balance.
High Blood Pressure
22 shared supplements · 393 outcomes
High blood pressure is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. High blood pressure is often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, although it can result from other medical conditions as well.
Overweight
18 shared supplements · 379 outcomes
Overweight is characterized as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9. Having overweight is associated with increased risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. However, this may not be the case in people with increased lean mass (e.g., athletes or weight lifters).
Metabolic Syndrome
17 shared supplements · 391 outcomes
Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of cardiometabolic risk factors: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, high blood triglycerides, and low HDL-C. If a person has at least three of these, they have metabolic syndrome.
High Cholesterol
17 shared supplements · 553 outcomes
High amounts of low-density lipoproteins cause fatty plaques to build up in the arteries, which restricts blood flow and can cause health problems like a heart attack. Lifestyle factors (e.g., poor diet, smoking) and genetics play a huge role in blood cholesterol levels.