Supplement

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps the body activate proteins needed for blood clotting and for binding calcium into bone. People mainly look at it for newborn nutritional support, where the evidence is strong, and for bone health, where reviews of trials found bone density improved. The size of that benefit was moderate, though, and inflammation markers, blood pressure and bruising showed no clear difference in small studies.

Sources: PMID 21674202; PMID 31076817

Updated 30 September 2026
How we grade
35 studies cited

Best evidence: Grade B
Conditions studied: 13
Outcomes: 78
Graded outcomes: 0408

Evidence by condition

Strong
Moderate
Limited
Very limited

13 conditions

Bone Health

Bone Health: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Bone Mineral Density Moderate Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Moderate effect	18 studies	1,049 people
Studies that measured bone mineral density Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 21674202 A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapyMaturitas · PMID 10227010 Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: a two-year follow-up studyAm J Sports Med · PMID 14623654 Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 17287908 Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese womenJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 23702931 Vitamin K treatment reduces undercarboxylated osteocalcin but does not alter bone turnover, density, or geometry in healthy postmenopausal North American womenJ Bone Miner Res · PMID 19113922 Effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab · PMID 18252784 Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 23525894 Vitamin K, circulating cytokines, and bone mineral density in older men and womenAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 18689371 Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K(2) and vitamin D(3) on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal womenMaturitas · PMID 11886767 and 8 more in the citations list
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP) No effect		NoneNo effect		379 people
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	760 people
Studies that measured weight The effect of vitamin K supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nutr Sci · PMID 38282652 Effect of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements, Glycemic Indices, and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat · PMID 40054729
	Fracture Risk	Changes; see studies		1 study	11,112 people
Studies that measured fracture risk Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosisJ Bone Miner Res · PMID 10750566
	Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			379 people
	Osteoprotegerin	Improves (the measure goes up)			379 people

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Bone Mineral Density Moderate Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Moderate effect	18 studies	4,800 people
Studies that measured bone mineral density Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 21674202 A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapyMaturitas · PMID 10227010 Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: a two-year follow-up studyAm J Sports Med · PMID 14623654 Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 17287908 Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese womenJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 23702931 Vitamin K treatment reduces undercarboxylated osteocalcin but does not alter bone turnover, density, or geometry in healthy postmenopausal North American womenJ Bone Miner Res · PMID 19113922 Effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab · PMID 18252784 Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 23525894 Vitamin K, circulating cytokines, and bone mineral density in older men and womenAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 18689371 Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K(2) and vitamin D(3) on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal womenMaturitas · PMID 11886767 and 8 more in the citations list
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	40 people
Studies that measured weight The effect of vitamin K supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nutr Sci · PMID 38282652 Effect of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements, Glycemic Indices, and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat · PMID 40054729
	Estrogen	Changes; see studies		1 study	40 people
Studies that measured estrogen Time-dependent effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on bone metabolism in postmenopausal womenEndocr J · PMID 12201222
	Fracture Risk	Changes; see studies		1 study	11,112 people
Studies that measured fracture risk Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosisJ Bone Miner Res · PMID 10750566
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			40 people

Menopause

Bone Mineral Density: improves
Weight: improves
Estrogen: changes; see studies

Menopause: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Bone Mineral Density Moderate Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Moderate effect	18 studies	327 people
Studies that measured bone mineral density Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 21674202 A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapyMaturitas · PMID 10227010 Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: a two-year follow-up studyAm J Sports Med · PMID 14623654 Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 17287908 Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese womenJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 23702931 Vitamin K treatment reduces undercarboxylated osteocalcin but does not alter bone turnover, density, or geometry in healthy postmenopausal North American womenJ Bone Miner Res · PMID 19113922 Effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab · PMID 18252784 Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 23525894 Vitamin K, circulating cytokines, and bone mineral density in older men and womenAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 18689371 Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K(2) and vitamin D(3) on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal womenMaturitas · PMID 11886767 and 8 more in the citations list
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	40 people
Studies that measured weight The effect of vitamin K supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nutr Sci · PMID 38282652 Effect of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements, Glycemic Indices, and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat · PMID 40054729
	Estrogen	Changes; see studies		1 study	40 people
Studies that measured estrogen Time-dependent effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on bone metabolism in postmenopausal womenEndocr J · PMID 12201222
	Food Intake	Changes; see studies			40 people
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			40 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			40 people
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			40 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			40 people

Liver Cancer

Cancer Mortality: improves
Liver Cancer Risk: changes; see studies

Liver Cancer: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Cancer Mortality Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		1,980 people
	Liver Cancer Risk	Changes; see studies		3 studies	1,980 people
Studies that measured liver cancer risk The Efficacy of Vitamin K, A Member Of Naphthoquinones in the Treatment of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisCurr Cancer Drug Targets · PMID 33475062 Effect of menatetrenone, a vitamin k2 analog, on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection: a prospective randomized controlled trialAnticancer Res · PMID 23225445 The effect of menatetrenone, a vitamin K2 analog, on disease recurrence and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a pilot studyCancer · PMID 16400650

Skin Health

Bruising
Erythema: improves

Skin Health: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Bruising No effect		NoneNo effect	2 studies	54 people
Studies that measured bruising The effects of topical vitamin K on bruising after laser treatmentJ Am Acad Dermatol · PMID 12140470 Lack of the effect of topical vitamin K on bruising after mechanical injuryJ Am Acad Dermatol · PMID 15153914
	Erythema	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	40 people
Studies that measured erythema Effects of topical vitamin K and retinol on laser-induced purpura on nonlesional skinDermatol Surg · PMID 10594627 The role of topical vitamin K oxide gel in the resolution of postprocedural purpuraJ Drugs Dermatol · PMID 19894369

Surgical Recovery

Bruising
Erythema: improves

Surgical Recovery: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Bruising No effect		NoneNo effect	2 studies	10 people
Studies that measured bruising The effects of topical vitamin K on bruising after laser treatmentJ Am Acad Dermatol · PMID 12140470 Lack of the effect of topical vitamin K on bruising after mechanical injuryJ Am Acad Dermatol · PMID 15153914
	Erythema	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	20 people
Studies that measured erythema Effects of topical vitamin K and retinol on laser-induced purpura on nonlesional skinDermatol Surg · PMID 10594627 The role of topical vitamin K oxide gel in the resolution of postprocedural purpuraJ Drugs Dermatol · PMID 19894369

Cardiovascular Disease

Blood Pressure
Osteocalcin: improves
Calcium Score: improves

Cardiovascular Disease: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Blood Pressure No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	60 people
Studies that measured blood pressure Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseaseCochrane Database Syst Rev · PMID 26389791
	Osteocalcin	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	733 people
Studies that measured osteocalcin Effects of vitamin K supplementation on vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Nutr · PMID 36704782
	Calcium Score	Improves (the measure goes up)			733 people
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			60 people
	Pulse Wave Velocity	Improves (the measure goes down)			733 people
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			60 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			60 people

Metabolic Health

Adiponectin
Insulin Resistance: improves
Weight: improves

Metabolic Health: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		42 people
	Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	1,548 people
Studies that measured insulin resistance Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.Horm Metab Res · PMID 29523009 The relationship between vitamin K and T2DM: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Food Funct · PMID 37724446
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	1,548 people
Studies that measured weight The effect of vitamin K supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nutr Sci · PMID 38282652 Effect of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements, Glycemic Indices, and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat · PMID 40054729
	Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	1,548 people
Studies that measured blood glucose Effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis.Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes · PMID 28496349
	Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	1,548 people
Studies that measured blood pressure Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseaseCochrane Database Syst Rev · PMID 26389791
	Insulin	Changes; see studies		1 study	1,548 people
	Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)			439 people
	Body Mass Index (BMI)	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			421 people
	Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			42 people
	HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
	Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			421 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
	Osteoprotegerin	Improves (the measure goes up)			379 people
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
	Waist circumference	Improves (the measure goes down)			439 people

Type 2 Diabetes

Adiponectin
Insulin Resistance: improves
Blood glucose: improves

Type 2 Diabetes: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		452 people
	Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	452 people
Studies that measured insulin resistance Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.Horm Metab Res · PMID 29523009 The relationship between vitamin K and T2DM: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Food Funct · PMID 37724446
	Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	452 people
Studies that measured blood glucose Effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis.Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes · PMID 28496349
	Insulin	Changes; see studies		1 study	452 people
Studies that measured insulin Possible effects of one week vitamin K (menaquinone-4) tablets intake on glucose tolerance in healthy young male volunteers with different descarboxy prothrombin levelsClin Nutr · PMID 10952797
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			452 people
	Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			533 people
	Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			452 people
	Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)			452 people

General Cardiovascular Health

Adiponectin
Insulin Resistance: improves
Weight: improves

General Cardiovascular Health: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		452 people
	Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	452 people
Studies that measured insulin resistance Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.Horm Metab Res · PMID 29523009 The relationship between vitamin K and T2DM: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Food Funct · PMID 37724446
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	1,548 people
Studies that measured weight The effect of vitamin K supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nutr Sci · PMID 38282652 Effect of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements, Glycemic Indices, and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat · PMID 40054729
	Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	452 people
Studies that measured blood glucose Effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis.Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes · PMID 28496349
	Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	60 people
Studies that measured blood pressure Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseaseCochrane Database Syst Rev · PMID 26389791
	Insulin	Changes; see studies		1 study	452 people
	Body Mass Index (BMI)	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			452 people
	HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			452 people
	Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)			452 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			60 people
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			60 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			60 people

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Calcium Score
Osteocalcin: improves
Pulse Wave Velocity: improves

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Calcium Score No effect		NoneNo effect		733 people
	Osteocalcin	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	733 people
Studies that measured osteocalcin Effects of vitamin K supplementation on vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Nutr · PMID 36704782
	Pulse Wave Velocity	Improves (the measure goes down)			733 people

Osteopenia

Bone Mineral Density: improves

Osteopenia: outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Bone Mineral Density	Improves (the measure goes up)		18 studies	4,800 people
Studies that measured bone mineral density Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 21674202 A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapyMaturitas · PMID 10227010 Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: a two-year follow-up studyAm J Sports Med · PMID 14623654 Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 17287908 Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese womenJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 23702931 Vitamin K treatment reduces undercarboxylated osteocalcin but does not alter bone turnover, density, or geometry in healthy postmenopausal North American womenJ Bone Miner Res · PMID 19113922 Effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab · PMID 18252784 Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 23525894 Vitamin K, circulating cytokines, and bone mineral density in older men and womenAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 18689371 Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K(2) and vitamin D(3) on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal womenMaturitas · PMID 11886767 and 8 more in the citations list

Telangiectasia (Spider Veins)

Erythema: improves

Telangiectasia (Spider Veins): outcomes studied for Vitamin K
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Erythema	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	20 people

What the published studies found

1 automated reading

Automated reading of the published studies (Decosa evidence engine), for outcomes Dr. Grey has not graded yet. It is not a Dr. Grey grade and does not change one. How it is read

LDL cholesterol
The best available review (2019, 13 studies) found little or no difference in LDL cholesterol. That review studied healthy or high cardiovascular risk individuals. 4 of the 5 studies read agree; 1 found an improvement. The evidence is moderate.
5 studies counted of 9 read: 1 review and 4 trials (180 people in the trials).
1. Meta-analysis, 2019; 13 studies; healthy or high cardiovascular risk individuals: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on). no significant effects of vitamin K supplementation were found in case of Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPubMed 29968548
2. Randomised trial, 2026; 46 people; young adults with overweight or obesity: improves. Vitamin K2 Supplementation Reduces Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Young Adults with Overweight and Obesity-A Randomized Placebo-Controlled TrialPubMed 42193338
3. Randomised trial, 2020; 45 people; patients with type 2 diabetes: no clear difference. LDL-C, HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C) did not change significantly Effects of MK-7 Supplementation on Glycemic Status, Anthropometric Indices and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled TrialPubMed 32617013
4. Randomised trial, 2015; 58 people; women with rheumatoid arthritis: no clear difference. no significant changes in lipid related markers Effects of phylloquinone supplementation on lipid profile in women with rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind placebo controlled studyPubMed 25861426
5. Crossover trial, 2008; 31 people; postmenopausal women: no clear difference. total cholesterol and LDL-C were unaffected Six weeks phylloquinone supplementation produces undesirable effects on blood lipids with no changes in inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers in postmenopausal womenPubMed 18807108
Automated reading of the published studies (Decosa evidence engine), run 30 Sep 2026. It reads abstracts, can miss studies, and a repeat run can differ.

Key findings

Bone Mineral DensityBone HealthImproves (the measure goes up)
Cancer MortalityLiver CancerImproves (the measure goes down)
BruisingSkin Health

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Third-party tested Vitamin K products, in the forms the graded studies used where we can match them.

Grade B

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Studies cited

35 studies from PubMed

Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 21674202
A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapyMaturitas · PMID 10227010
Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: a two-year follow-up studyAm J Sports Med · PMID 14623654
Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 17287908
Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese womenJ Bone Miner Metab · PMID 23702931
Vitamin K treatment reduces undercarboxylated osteocalcin but does not alter bone turnover, density, or geometry in healthy postmenopausal North American womenJ Bone Miner Res · PMID 19113922
Effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab · PMID 18252784
Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int · PMID 23525894
Vitamin K, circulating cytokines, and bone mineral density in older men and womenAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 18689371
Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K(2) and vitamin D(3) on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal womenMaturitas · PMID 11886767
Randomized pilot trial of vitamin K2 for bone loss in patients with primary biliary cirrhosisJ Hepatol · PMID 11682046
Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density and fractures in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Osteoporos Int · PMID 31076817
Effect of Vitamin K on Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biomedicines · PMID 35625785
The Efficacy of Vitamin K, A Member Of Naphthoquinones in the Treatment of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisCurr Cancer Drug Targets · PMID 33475062
Effect of menatetrenone, a vitamin k2 analog, on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection: a prospective randomized controlled trialAnticancer Res · PMID 23225445
The effect of menatetrenone, a vitamin K2 analog, on disease recurrence and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a pilot studyCancer · PMID 16400650
Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosisJ Bone Miner Res · PMID 10750566
Effects of vitamin K supplementation on bone mineral density at different sites and bone metabolism in the middle-aged and elderly population.Bone Joint Res · PMID 39657786
Dietary vitamin K2 supplement improves bone status after lung and heart transplantationTransplantation · PMID 20177349
Vitamin K2 treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in IndonesiaJ Obstet Gynaecol Res · PMID 16594930
Vitamin K2 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced bone loss partly by preventing the reduction of osteoprotegerin (OPG)J Bone Miner Metab · PMID 15616893
Vitamin K1 supplementation retards bone loss in postmenopausal women between 50 and 60 years of ageCalcif Tissue Int · PMID 14506950
Time-dependent effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on bone metabolism in postmenopausal womenEndocr J · PMID 12201222
The effect of vitamin K supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Nutr Sci · PMID 38282652
Effect of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements, Glycemic Indices, and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat · PMID 40054729
Possible effects of one week vitamin K (menaquinone-4) tablets intake on glucose tolerance in healthy young male volunteers with different descarboxy prothrombin levelsClin Nutr · PMID 10952797
Effects of topical vitamin K and retinol on laser-induced purpura on nonlesional skinDermatol Surg · PMID 10594627
The role of topical vitamin K oxide gel in the resolution of postprocedural purpuraJ Drugs Dermatol · PMID 19894369
The effects of topical vitamin K on bruising after laser treatmentJ Am Acad Dermatol · PMID 12140470
Lack of the effect of topical vitamin K on bruising after mechanical injuryJ Am Acad Dermatol · PMID 15153914
Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseaseCochrane Database Syst Rev · PMID 26389791
Effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis.Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes · PMID 28496349
Effects of vitamin K supplementation on vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Nutr · PMID 36704782
Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.Horm Metab Res · PMID 29523009
The relationship between vitamin K and T2DM: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Food Funct · PMID 37724446

Evidence by condition

General Cardiovascular Health

What the published studies found

LDL cholesterol

Key findings

Shop the evidence-backed picks

Studies cited

Related supplements

Protocols that include Vitamin K