Supplement
Saffron is a spice from the Crocus sativus flower, and its compounds crocin and safranal appear to influence brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine. People mostly look at it for depression, where the evidence is strong, and reviews of randomized trials found that anxiety symptoms improved too. Still, the effects were small, and in one small group of 74 people appetite showed no clear difference.
Sources: PMID 38913392; PMID 31135916
- Updated
- How we grade
- 79 studies cited
- Best evidence
- Grade B
- Conditions studied
- 54
- Outcomes
- 390
- Graded outcomes
- 013287
Evidence by condition
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
Metabolic Syndrome
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Weight: improves
Anxiety Disorders Other
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Sleep Quality: improves
Obesity
- Blood glucose: improves
- Weight: improves
- Creatinine: improves
Prediabetes
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Creatinine: improves
Sleep Health
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Insomnia Signs and Symptoms: improves
Mood Improvement
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Sleep Quality: improves
Type 1 Diabetes
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
Anxiety Disorders (Other)
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: changes; see studies
- Sleep Quality: improves
Alzheimer’s Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms: improves
- Cognitive Decline: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 3 studies | 157 people | ||
Studies that measured alzheimer's disease symptoms
| ||||||
| Cognitive Decline | Improves (the measure goes down) | 68 people | ||||
Alzheimer’s Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms: improves
- Cognitive Decline: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 3 studies | 157 people | ||
Studies that measured alzheimer's disease symptoms
| ||||||
| Cognitive Decline | Changes; see studies | 68 people | ||||
Asthma
- Asthma Symptoms: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 160 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 80 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 80 people | |||
| Basophil Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 80 people | ||||
| Eosinophil count | Changes; see studies | 80 people | ||||
| Lung Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 80 people |
Erectile Dysfunction
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Erections: improves
- Sexual Function: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression Symptoms Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 18 studies | 30 people | ||
| Erections | Improves (the measure goes up) | 4 studies | 387 people | |||
| Sexual Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 387 people | |||
| Penile Girth | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people |
Female Sexual Dysfunction
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Sexual Function: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression Symptoms Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 18 studies | 96 people | ||
| Sexual Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 34 people |
Menopause
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Hot Flash Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression Symptoms Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 18 studies | 60 people | ||
| Hot Flash Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 60 people |
High Cholesterol
- Blood glucose: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 144 people | ||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 40 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 54 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 144 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 90 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 184 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 90 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 184 people | |||
| Intraocular Pressure | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 50 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 90 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 90 people | ||||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 144 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 90 people | ||||
| Insulin Resistance | Improves (the measure goes down) | 90 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 184 people | ||||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 90 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 94 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 144 people |
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Estrogen: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 47 people | ||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 47 people | |||
| Estrogen | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 47 people | |||
| PMS Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 125 people | |||
| Cortisol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 47 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 47 people |
Metabolic Health
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Weight: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 1,674 people | ||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 1,674 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | ||||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 1,674 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 1,674 people | |||
| LDL Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,674 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 1,674 people | ||||
| Insulin Resistance | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,674 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,674 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,674 people |
Cognitive Improvement
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Cognitive Decline: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 76 people | ||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 111 people | |||
| Cognitive Decline | Improves (the measure goes down) | 35 people | ||||
| Memory | Improves (the measure goes up) | 76 people |
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Blood glucose: improves
- Weight: improves
- Triglycerides: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 84 people | ||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 84 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 84 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 84 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 84 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 84 people | ||||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 84 people | ||||
| Satiety | Improves (the measure goes up) | 84 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 84 people | ||||
| vLDL-C | Improves (the measure goes down) | 84 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 84 people | ||||
| Waist-Hip Ratio | Improves (the measure goes up) | 84 people |
Fibromyalgia
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Fatigue Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 54 people | ||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 54 people | |||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 54 people | ||||
| Fibromyalgia Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 54 people | ||||
| Pain | Improves (the measure goes down) | 54 people |
Primary Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramps)
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Estrogen: changes; see studies
- Cortisol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 47 people | ||
| Estrogen | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 47 people | |||
| Cortisol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 47 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 47 people |
Cardiovascular Disease
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 76 people | ||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 76 people |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Weight: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 40 people | ||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 40 people |
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Blood glucose: improves
- Triglycerides: improves
- Hemoglobin: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 20 people | ||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 20 people | |||
| Hemoglobin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| Hematocrit | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| Urea | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| White Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people |
Menstrual Health
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Estrogen: changes; see studies
- Cortisol: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 47 people | ||
| Estrogen | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 47 people | |||
| Cortisol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 47 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 47 people |
Mental Resilience
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Memory: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 76 people | ||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 76 people | |||
| Memory | Improves (the measure goes up) | 76 people |
Stress
- Anxiety Symptoms: improves
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Sleep Quality: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 6 studies | 128 people | ||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 128 people | |||
| Sleep Quality | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 128 people | |||
| Mood | Improves (the measure goes up) | 128 people | ||||
| Stress Signs and Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 128 people |
Male Sexual Dysfunction
- Erections: improves
- Sexual Function: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erections Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 4 studies | 396 people | ||
| Sexual Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 50 people |
Infertility
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Seminal Motility: improves
- Hemoglobin: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 3 studies | 230 people | ||
| Seminal Motility | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 282 people | |||
| Hemoglobin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 230 people | |||
| Sperm Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 282 people | |||
| Ejaculate Volume | Improves (the measure goes up) | 230 people | ||||
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 230 people | ||||
| Luteinizing Hormone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 230 people | ||||
| Prolactin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 230 people | ||||
| Sperm Quality | Improves (the measure goes up) | 282 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 230 people | ||||
| White Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 230 people |
High Blood Pressure
- Blood Pressure: improves
- sICAM-1: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 3 studies | 204 people | ||
| sICAM-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 204 people |
Diabetic Nephropathy
- Blood Pressure: improves
- Creatinine: improves
- Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 3 studies | 80 people | ||
| Creatinine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 80 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 80 people | |||
| Serum Albumin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 80 people | ||||
| Urea | Improves (the measure goes up) | 80 people |
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
- TNF-Alpha: improves
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Small Decrease | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 66 people | ||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 66 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 66 people | |||
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 66 people | ||||
| Interferon Gamma | Improves (the measure goes up) | 66 people | ||||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 66 people | ||||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 66 people |
Infant Health
- Cervix Readiness (Pregnancy): improves
- Hemoglobin: improves
- Hematocrit: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervix Readiness (Pregnancy) Moderate Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 1 study | 50 people | ||
| Hemoglobin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 50 people | |||
| Hematocrit | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people | ||||
| Labor Duration (Pregnancy) | Changes; see studies | 50 people | ||||
| Uterine Contractions Onset | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people | ||||
| Vaginal Delivery Rate | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people |
Pregnancy and Delivery Health
- Cervix Readiness (Pregnancy): improves
- Hemoglobin: improves
- Hematocrit: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervix Readiness (Pregnancy) Moderate Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 1 study | 50 people | ||
| Hemoglobin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 50 people | |||
| Hematocrit | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people | ||||
| Labor Duration (Pregnancy) | Changes; see studies | 50 people | ||||
| Uterine Contractions Onset | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people | ||||
| Vaginal Delivery Rate | Improves (the measure goes up) | 50 people |
Schizophrenia
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
- Hemoglobin: improves
- Serum T3: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Small Decrease | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 66 people | ||
| Hemoglobin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 66 people | |||
| Serum T3 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 66 people | |||
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 66 people | ||||
| Hematocrit | Improves (the measure goes up) | 66 people | ||||
| Serum T4 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 66 people | ||||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 66 people | ||||
| White Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 66 people |
General Cardiovascular Health
- Bleeding Time
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bleeding Time Mixed effect | 30 people | |||||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 1,674 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 1,674 people | |||
| Creatinine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 30 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 1,674 people | |||
| Blood Clotting | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 90 people | |||
| Hemoglobin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 1,674 people | |||
| sICAM-1 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 204 people | |||
| Factor VII | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Fibrinogen | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,674 people | ||||
| Heart Rate | Improves (the measure goes down) | 30 people | ||||
| Hematocrit | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 1,674 people | ||||
| Insulin Resistance | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,674 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,674 people | ||||
| Lymphocyte Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Polymorphonuclear Cells | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Protein C | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Protein S | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Red Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Serum Platelets | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1,674 people | ||||
| Urea | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| White Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people |
Immune Health
- Basophil Count: improves
- Blood glucose: improves
- Creatinine: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basophil Count Small Decrease | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 89 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 64 people | |||
| Creatinine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 89 people | |||
| TNF-Alpha | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 64 people | |||
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 64 people | |||
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 89 people | |||
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 64 people | |||
| Eosinophil count | Changes; see studies | 89 people | ||||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 64 people | ||||
| Immunoglobulin A | Improves (the measure goes up) | 89 people | ||||
| Immunoglobulin G | Improves (the measure goes up) | 89 people | ||||
| Immunoglobulin M | Improves (the measure goes up) | 89 people | ||||
| Interleukin 10 | Improves (the measure goes up) | 64 people | ||||
| Interleukin 6 | Improves (the measure goes down) | 64 people | ||||
| Monocyte Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 89 people | ||||
| Neutrophil Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 89 people | ||||
| Red Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 89 people | ||||
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 64 people | ||||
| White Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 89 people |
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- ADHD Symptoms: improves
- Attention: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD Symptoms Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 54 people | |||
| Attention | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 54 people |
Memory Improvement
- Short-Term Memory (Simple): improves
- Working Memory: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short-Term Memory (Simple) Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 20 people | |||
| Working Memory | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people |
Sexual Dysfunction
- Blood Clotting
- Blood glucose: improves
- Sexual Function: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Clotting No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 20 people | |||
| Sexual Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 173 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 20 people | |||
| Hemoglobin | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 20 people | |||
| Hematocrit | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 20 people | ||||
| Urea | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people | ||||
| White Blood Cell Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 20 people |
Overweight
- Appetite
- Depression Symptoms: improves
- Blood glucose: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appetite No effect | NoneNo effect | 74 people | ||||
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 74 people | |||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 624 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 590 people | |||
| Creatinine | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 75 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 75 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 75 people | |||
| Hip Circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 172 people | |||
| Sperm Count | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 60 people | |||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 422 people | ||||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 300 people | ||||
| Insulin Resistance | Improves (the measure goes down) | 184 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 637 people | ||||
| Sperm Quality | Improves (the measure goes up) | 60 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 701 people | ||||
| Urea | Improves (the measure goes up) | 75 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 547 people | ||||
| Waist-Hip Ratio | Improves (the measure goes up) | 156 people |
Macular Degeneration
- Macular Thickness
- Visual acuity (VA): improves
- Retinal Function: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macular Thickness No effect | NoneNo effect | 60 people | ||||
| Visual acuity (VA) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 133 people | |||
| Retinal Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 160 people |
Weight Loss & Maintenance
- Appetite
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appetite No effect | NoneNo effect | 60 people | ||||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 138 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 54 people | |||
| Weight | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 198 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 138 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 138 people | |||
| Body Fat | Improves (the measure goes down) | 84 people | ||||
| Food Intake | Changes; see studies | 60 people | ||||
| HbA1c | Improves (the measure goes down) | 54 people | ||||
| Hunger | Improves (the measure goes up) | 84 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 138 people | ||||
| Muscle Mass | Improves (the measure goes up) | 84 people | ||||
| Satiety | Improves (the measure goes up) | 84 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 138 people | ||||
| vLDL-C | Improves (the measure goes down) | 84 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 138 people | ||||
| Waist-Hip Ratio | Improves (the measure goes up) | 84 people |
Muscle Recovery
- Creatine Kinase
- Muscle Soreness: improves
- Creatine Kinase-MB: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Creatine Kinase No effect | NoneNo effect | 23 people | ||||
| Muscle Soreness | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| Creatine Kinase-MB | Changes; see studies | 23 people | ||||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | Improves (the measure goes up) | 23 people |
Stroke
- Beta-cell function
- Blood glucose: improves
- Blood Pressure: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta-cell function No effect | NoneNo effect | 66 people | ||||
| Blood glucose | Improves (the measure goes down) | 6 studies | 66 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Improves (the measure goes down) | 3 studies | 66 people | |||
| Triglycerides | Improves (the measure goes down) | 2 studies | 66 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 66 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 66 people | ||||
| Insulin Resistance | Improves (the measure goes down) | 66 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Improves (the measure goes down) | 66 people | ||||
| Total cholesterol | Improves (the measure goes down) | 66 people | ||||
| Waist circumference | Improves (the measure goes down) | 66 people |
Peripartum Depression
- Depression Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 134 people |
Breast Cancer
- Depression Symptoms: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression Symptoms | Improves (the measure goes down) | 18 studies | 62 people |
Eye Health
- Visual acuity (VA): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visual acuity (VA) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 25 people |
General Liver Health
- Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver Enzymes | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 463 people |
Liver Cancer
- Cancer Metastasis: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer Metastasis | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 13 people |
Skin Health
- Skin Dryness: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin Dryness | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 6 people |
General Athletic Performance
- Muscle Soreness: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle Soreness | Improves (the measure goes down) | 1 study | 30 people |
What the published studies found
6 automated readings
LDL cholesterol
The studies disagree. The best available review (2025, 25 studies, 1,486 people) found little or no difference in LDL cholesterol, while 5 of the 9 studies read found an improvement. The evidence is very weak.
9 studies counted of 9 read: 5 reviews and 4 trials (338 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2025; 25 studies, 1,486 people; patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
However, no significant changes were observed for homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride …
Effects of Saffron Supplementation on Glycolipid Metabolism and Blood Pressure in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - Systematic review, 2022; 32 studies, 1,674 people: improves.
low density lipoprotein (LDL) (WMD = -6.71
The effects of saffron supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2022; patients with metabolic disorders: improves.
LDL-C levels in the saffron group reduced by 0.51
Metabolic impact of saffron and crocin: an updated systematic and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials - Systematic review, 2020; 14 studies; patients with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, or coronary artery disease: unclear: evidence too weak to tell. Impact of Crocus Sativus L. on Metabolic Profile in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus or Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review
- Meta-analysis, 2019; 14 studies: no clear difference.
no significant effect on weight and LDL concentration
The effect of saffron on weight and lipid profile: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and dose-response of randomized clinical trials - Randomised trial, 2023; 40 people; patients with dyslipidemia: improves.
decreased the serum lipid levels of patients
The anti-dyslipidemia property of saffron petal hydroalcoholicextract in cardiovascular patients: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial - Randomised trial, 2019; 64 people; type 2 diabetic patients on oral anti-diabetic drugs: improves.
LDL-c, and LDL/HDL ratio between two groups showed significant reduction
The effect of hydroalcoholic Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, liver, and renal function tests in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial - Randomised trial, 2016; 30 people; patients with major depression: no clear difference.
lipid profile of the two groups did not change significantly
Study the effects of saffron on depression and lipid profiles: A double blind comparative study - Randomised trial, 2014; 204 people: improves. Effects of Cinnamon, Cardamom, Saffron, and Ginger Consumption on Markers of Glycemic Control, Lipid Profile, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
- Meta-analysis, 2025; 25 studies, 1,486 people; patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: no clear difference (the review the verdict rests on).
Cardiovascular events
Too few usable studies were found to tell whether Saffron changes cardiovascular events. 9 studies were read and none could be counted.
Mood
The best available review (2026, 34 studies, 1,769 people) found an improvement in mood. That review studied adults with anxiety, depression, and mood disorders. 7 of the 9 studies read agree; 2 found no clear difference. The evidence is moderate.
9 studies counted of 11 read: 3 reviews and 6 trials (603 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 34 studies, 1,769 people; adults with anxiety, depression, and mood disorders: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
Saffron supplementation significantly reduced scores on BDI (14 trials; 817 participants; WMD = -4.39, 95% …
Effect of saffron on depression, anxiety and mood disorder: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2022; 7 studies; people with depression: improves.
The results demonstrated that the consumption of saffron resulted in a significant reduction in BDI …
Saffron, as an adjunct therapy, contributes to relieve depression symptoms: An umbrella meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2020; 21 studies: improves. The effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on mental health parameters and C-reactive protein: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
- Randomised trial, 2026; 86 people; women aged 50-70 with low mood and poor sleep: improves.
saffron resulted in greater reductions in DASS-21 depression scores
The effects of a saffron extract (Affron®) on mood, sleep, self-esteem, and exploratory measures of physical appearance in women aged 50 to 70 years experiencing low mood and poor sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial - Randomised trial, 2025; 202 people; adults with subclinical depressive symptoms: improves.
greater improvements in the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale - 21 depression score
An Examination into the Effects of a Saffron Extract (Affron) on Mood and General Wellbeing in Adults Experiencing Low Mood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial - Randomised trial, 2025; 51 people; healthy adults with subclinical depressive symptoms: no clear difference.
did not significantly affect the primary outcome
Effect of saffron extract supplementation on mood in healthy adults with subclinical symptoms of depression: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study - Randomised trial, 2022; 62 people; recreationally active adults: no clear difference.
no statistically significant between-group differences in changes
An examination into the mental and physical effects of a saffron extract (affron®) in recreationally-active adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study - Randomised trial, 2021; 120 people; adults with unsatisfactory sleep: improves.
greater improvements in sleep quality ratings (primary outcome measure), mood ratings after awakening
An investigation into an evening intake of a saffron extract (affron®) on sleep quality, cortisol, and melatonin concentrations in adults with poor sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose study - Randomised trial, 2021; 82 people; perimenopausal women experiencing menopausal complaints: improves.
significantly greater reduction in the GCS psychological score
The Effects of a Saffron Extract (affron®) on Menopausal Symptoms in Women during Perimenopause: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 34 studies, 1,769 people; adults with anxiety, depression, and mood disorders: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
Respiratory infections
Too few usable studies were found to tell whether Saffron changes respiratory infections. 4 studies were read and none could be counted.
Sleep quality
The studies disagree. The best available review (2022, 8 studies, 431 people) did not settle it for sleep quality, while 10 of the 11 studies read found an improvement. The evidence is very weak.
11 studies counted of 11 read: 5 reviews and 6 trials (534 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2022; 8 studies, 431 people; people with insomnia: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
increased sleep quality (SMD 0.89, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.68
Crocus Sativus for Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2025; 11 studies, 637 people; individuals with obesity: improves.
saffron supplementation (OR = 11.10, P = 0.000)
Nutritional interventions and sleep quality in obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials - Meta-analysis, 2024; 46 studies: improves.
sleep disorders of -1.91 (95% CI: -2.88, -0.93)
New horizons for the study of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its active ingredients in the management of neurological and psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of clinical evidence and mechanisms - Meta-analysis, 2022; healthy adults, insomnia, type 2 diabetes, methadone maintenance: improves.
notable treatment effect on PSQI (MD: -2.14
Effects of saffron supplementation on improving sleep quality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2020; 21 studies: improves. The effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on mental health parameters and C-reactive protein: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
- Randomised trial, 2026; 76 people; adults with pulmonary sarcoidosis and sleep disturbances: improves.
Compared with the control group, saffron supplementation significantly improved PSQI (adjusted mean difference [MD], -2.21)
Efficacy of a Saffron-Based (Crocus sativus L.) Herbal Supplement on Sleep Disturbances in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: A Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial - Randomised trial, 2025; 165 people; adults with moderate insomnia: improves.
sleep quality (SQS) improved significantly after 3 weeks
Effect of a saffron extract on sleep quality in adults with moderate insomnia: A decentralized, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial - Randomised trial, 2025; 52 people; older adults with sleep complaints: improves.
significantly improved subjective sleep quality (p = 0.02)
A standardised saffron extract improves subjective and objective sleep quality in healthy older adults with sleep complaints: results from the gut-sleep-brain axis randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study - Randomised trial, 2021; 120 people; adults with unsatisfactory sleep: improves.
greater improvements in sleep quality ratings
An investigation into an evening intake of a saffron extract (affron®) on sleep quality, cortisol, and melatonin concentrations in adults with poor sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose study - Randomised trial, 2021; 66 people: improves.
improved sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, and global scores
Effects of Saffron Extract on Sleep Quality: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial - Randomised trial, 2020; 55 people; healthy adults with self-reported sleep problems: improves.
saffron was associated with greater improvements in ISI total score
Effects of saffron on sleep quality in healthy adults with self-reported poor sleep: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
- Meta-analysis, 2022; 8 studies, 431 people; people with insomnia: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
Stress
The studies disagree. The best available review (2025, 17 studies) did not settle it for stress, while 4 of the 6 studies read found an improvement. The evidence is very weak.
6 studies counted of 11 read: 3 reviews and 3 trials (459 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2025; 17 studies; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
malondialdehyde (MDA) (SMD: -0.36; 95% CI: -0.65 to -0.07
Effect of Saffron (Crocus sativus) Supplementation on Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Indices, and Renal and Liver Function Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials - Systematic review, 2023; 16 studies, 934 people: improves. Effect of saffron supplementation on oxidative stress markers (MDA, TAC, TOS, GPx, SOD, and pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance): An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials
- Systematic review, 2022; 31 studies; diabetes mellitus patients, animals, and in vitro systems: improves.
decreased oxidative stress indices in diabetes mellitus
The potential role of saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) and its components in oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review - Randomised trial, 2026; 92 people; patients with Parkinson's disease: improves.
distress (adjusted mean difference: -4.40 and 95% CI: -8.43, -0.37; PANCOVA = 0.03)
The effect of saffron supplementation on indices of oxidative stress, inflammation, mental health, and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial - Randomised trial, 2025; 202 people; adults with subclinical depressive symptoms: no clear difference.
However, in the other secondary outcomes, there was no evidence of between-group differences.
An Examination into the Effects of a Saffron Extract (Affron) on Mood and General Wellbeing in Adults Experiencing Low Mood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial - Randomised trial, 2025; 165 people; adults with moderate insomnia: improves.
Perceived stress (PSS) was significantly reduced
Effect of a saffron extract on sleep quality in adults with moderate insomnia: A decentralized, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
- Meta-analysis, 2025; 17 studies; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: unclear: evidence too weak to tell (the review the verdict rests on).
Key findings
- Anxiety SymptomsImproves (the measure goes down)
- Blood glucoseImproves (the measure goes down)
- Alzheimer's Disease SymptomsImproves (the measure goes down)
Shop the evidence-backed picks
Third-party tested Saffron products, in the forms the graded studies used where we can match them.
- Grade B
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Studies cited
79 studies from PubMed
- The Effects of Combined Scutellaria and Saffron Supplementation on Mood Regulation in Participants with Mild-to-Moderate Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
- Effects of saffron on sleep quality in healthy adults with self-reported poor sleep: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
- affron ® a novel saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) improves mood in healthy adults over 4 weeks in a double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Preventive effects of 10-day supplementation with saffron and indomethacin on the delayed-onset muscle soreness
- Protective properties of the aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in ischemic stroke, randomized clinical trial
- Immunomodulatory effects of saffron: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Effects of saffron on homocysteine, and antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double-blind clinical trial
- Saffron and crocin improved appetite, dietary intakes and body composition in patients with coronary artery disease
- The effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A triple-blinded randomized clinical trial
- Satiereal, a Crocus sativus L extract, reduces snacking and increases satiety in a randomized placebo-controlled study of mildly overweight, healthy women
- Functional effect of Saffron supplementation and risk genotypes in early age-related macular degeneration: a preliminary report
- Saffron therapy for the treatment of mild/moderate age-related macular degeneration: a randomised clinical trial
- Short-term Outcomes of Saffron Supplementation in Patients with Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Trial
- Crocus sativus L. versus Citalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder with Anxious Distress: A Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial
- The effects of alcoholic extract of saffron (Crocus satious L.) on mild to moderate comorbid depression-anxiety, sleep quality, and life satisfaction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial
- A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the treatment of anxiety and depression
- Effect of Saffron Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
- Effect of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- A placebo controlled randomized clinical trial of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on depression and food craving among overweight women with mild to moderate depression
- Saffron for treatment of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study
- Crocus Sativus L. (saffron) versus sertraline on symptoms of depression among older people with major depressive disorders-a double-blind, randomized intervention study
- Saffron improved depression and reduced homocysteine level in patients with major depression: A Randomized, double-blind study
- Crocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial
- A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with fluoxetine for improving mild to moderate depression in post percutaneous coronary intervention patients
- Comparison of petal of Crocus sativus L. and fluoxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients: a pilot double-blind randomized trial
- Efficacy of Crocus sativus (saffron) in treatment of major depressive disorder associated with post-menopausal hot flashes: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
- Efficacy of a standardised saffron extract (affron®) as an add-on to antidepressant medication for the treatment of persistent depressive symptoms in adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
- Hydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trial
- Comparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a pilot double-blind randomized trial ISRCTN45683816
- Crocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial
- Study the effects of saffron on depression and lipid profiles: A double blind comparative study
- Saffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial
- Comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: a double-blind randomized clinical trial
- A 22-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease
- Effects of Crocus sativus on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- The effect of hydroalcoholic Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, liver, and renal function tests in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial
- Effects of Cinnamon, Cardamom, Saffron, and Ginger Consumption on Markers of Glycemic Control, Lipid Profile, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
- Effects Of Saffron Supplementation On Inflammation And Metabolic Responses In Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
- Effect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and crocin in the treatment of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- The effect of saffron supplementation on liver and kidney function, blood glucose and pressure in patients with diabetes and prediabetes: A grade assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Effect of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron and ginger consumption on blood pressure and a marker of endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial
- Effects of a Topical Saffron (Crocus sativus L) Gel on Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetics: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
- Effect of saffron on fluoxetine-induced sexual impairment in men: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on saffron (Crocus sativus) effectiveness and safety on erectile dysfunction and semen parameters.
- Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot study
- Safety evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus) tablets in healthy volunteers
- The effects of saffron supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
- Effect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on coagulation and anticoagulation systems in healthy volunteers
- Effect of Saffron (Fan Hong Hua) On the Readiness of The Uterine Cervix In Term Pregnancy: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial
- affron ®, a standardised extract from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for the treatment of youth anxiety and depressive symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
- Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial
- Response to a urate-lowering diet according to polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV cluster
- Safety evaluation of saffron stigma (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract and crocin in patients with schizophrenia
- Stepped approach to improving sexual function after gynaecological cancer: the SAFFRON feasibility RCT
- The effect of saffron supplement on clinical outcomes and metabolic profiles in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Effect of saffron on semen parameters of infertile men
- A prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) on semen parameters and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia
- An evaluation of the effect of saffron supplementation on the antibody titer to heat-shock protein (HSP) 70, hsCRP and spirometry test in patients with mild and moderate persistent allergic asthma: A triple-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial
- An evaluation of the effects of saffron supplementation on the asthma clinical symptoms and asthma severity in patients with mild and moderate persistent allergic asthma: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial
- Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Crocus sativus on Serum Cytokine Levels in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled Trial
- Saffron supplements modulate serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Saffron ( Crocus sativus) versus duloxetine for treatment of patients with fibromyalgia: A randomized double-blind clinical trial
- Effects of Saffron on Cognition, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Crocus sativus L. in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: One Year Single-Blind Randomized, with Parallel Groups, Clinical Trial
- Psychological and neuroendocrinological effects of odor of saffron (Crocus sativus)
- Crocus sativus L. (saffron) in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled trial
- Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) on sexual dysfunction among men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Crocus sativus L. Versus Methylphenidate in Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Study
- The effect of saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) supplementation on blood pressure, and renal and liver function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial
- The effect of saffron on weight and lipid profile: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and dose-response of randomized clinical trials
- Antioxidant property of Saffron in man
- An open label, randomized, fixed-dose, crossover study comparing efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate and saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) for treating erectile dysfunction in men naïve to treatment
- Influence of saffron supplementation on retinal flicker sensitivity in early age-related macular degeneration
- Effect of saffron on liver metastases in patients suffering from cancers with liver metastases: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Effect of saffron supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
- Does saffron have antisolar and moisturizing effects?
- A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of saffron stigma (Crocus sativus L.) in mothers suffering from mild-to-moderate postpartum depression
- Comparison of Saffron versus Fluoxetine in Treatment of Mild to Moderate Postpartum Depression: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial