Condition

Male Sexual Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction is trouble getting or keeping an erection, often because blood flow to the penis is reduced. Korean red ginseng has the best support, with trials finding that erections went up and the evidence rated moderate; yohimbine and saffron also showed improvements, though that evidence is limited. Those studies were small, with about 200 people across the ginseng trials, so the results are preliminary.

Sources: PMID 12394711; PMID 8750052

Supplements studied: 16
Graded outcomes: 16
Trials: 24
People studied: 2,436

Evidence by supplement

Strong
Moderate
Limited
Very limited

16 supplements

Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)

Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng): outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	4 studies	195 people
Studies that measured erections A double-blind crossover study evaluating the efficacy of korean red ginseng in patients with erectile dysfunction: a preliminary reportJ Urol · PMID 12394711 Clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunctionInt J Impot Res · PMID 8750052 Study of the efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl · PMID 16855773 and 1 more on the Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) page
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	60 people
Studies that measured testosterone Effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer saponins on male fertilityPanminerva Med · PMID 9063034
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			60 people
	Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people

Saw Palmetto

Saw Palmetto: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	7 studies	82 people
Studies that measured benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms Serenoa repens monotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): an updated Cochrane systematic reviewBJU Int · PMID 22551330 Serenoa repens extract for benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized controlled trialBJU Int · PMID 12887481 Observational database serenoa repens (DOSSER): overview, analysis and results. A multicentric SIUrO (Italian Society of Oncological Urology) projectArch Ital Urol Androl · PMID 23210402 and 4 more on the Saw Palmetto page
	Quality of Life	Improves (the measure goes up)			82 people
	Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			82 people

Saffron

Erections: improves
Sexual Function: improves

Saffron: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	4 studies	396 people
Studies that measured erections Effects of a Topical Saffron (Crocus sativus L) Gel on Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetics: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Evid Based Complementary Altern Med · PMID 25948674 A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on saffron (Crocus sativus) effectiveness and safety on erectile dysfunction and semen parameters.Avicenna J Phytomed · PMID 29881706 Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot studyPhytomedicine · PMID 19427775 and 1 more on the Saffron page
	Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	50 people
Studies that measured sexual function Saffron for treatment of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studyHum Psychopharmacol · PMID 23280545 Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) on sexual dysfunction among men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Avicenna J Phytomed · PMID 31516855

Tribulus Terrestris

Erections: improves
Testosterone: improves
Luteinizing Hormone: improves

Tribulus Terrestris: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	4 studies	30 people
Studies that measured erections Tribulus terrestris versus placebo in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with late-onset hypogonadism: A placebo-controlled studyUrologia · PMID 30253697 Pilot Study on the Effect of Botanical Medicine (Tribulus terrestris) on Serum Testosterone Level and Erectile Function in Aging Males With Partial Androgen Deficiency (PADAM)J Sex Marital Ther · PMID 25849625 Dietary Supplements for Erectile Dysfunction: Analysis of Marketed Products, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Rational Use.Nutrients · PMID 37686709 and 1 more on the Tribulus Terrestris page
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	30 people
Studies that measured testosterone Prospective Analysis on the Effect of Botanical Medicine (Tribulus terrestris) on Serum Testosterone Level and Semen Parameters in Males with Unexplained InfertilityJ Diet Suppl · PMID 27337519 Short term impact of Tribulus terrestris intake on doping control analysis of endogenous steroidsForensic Sci Int · PMID 18282674 The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young menJ Ethnopharmacol · PMID 15994038
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			30 people

Maca

Estrogen: worsens
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: improves
Libido: improves

Maca: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Estrogen Small Increase	Worsens (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	56 people
Studies that measured estrogen Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on psychological symptoms and measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen contentMenopause · PMID 18784609
	Follicle-Stimulating Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	56 people
Studies that measured follicle-stimulating hormone Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy menJ Endocrinol · PMID 12525260 Effect of Lepidium meyenii Walp. on Semen Parameters and Serum Hormone Levels in Healthy Adult Men: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot StudyEvid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 26421049 Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trialAndrologia · PMID 19260845
	Libido	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	8 people
Studies that measured libido A pilot investigation into the effect of maca supplementation on physical activity and sexual desire in sportsmenJ Ethnopharmacol · PMID 19781622
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	56 people
Studies that measured testosterone Effect of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy menAndrologia · PMID 12472620
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			56 people
	Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)			56 people

Yohimbine

Erections: improves
Penile Girth: improves
Testosterone: improves

Yohimbine: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections Small improvement in erectile function	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	419 people
Studies that measured erections Yohimbine for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trialsJ Urol · PMID 9649257
	Penile Girth Small improvement during erection	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		18 people
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	18 people
Studies that measured testosterone Yohimbine treatment of organic erectile dysfunction in a dose-escalation trialInt J Impot Res · PMID 11896474

Shilajit

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: improves
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: changes; see studies
Luteinizing Hormone: improves

Shilajit: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		60 people
	Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Changes; see studies		1 study	60 people
Studies that measured oxidative stress biomarkers Clinical evaluation of spermatogenic activity of processed Shilajit in oligospermiaAndrologia · PMID 20078516
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Sperm Quality	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people

Fenugreek

Libido: improves
Prostate-Specific Antigen: improves
Prolactin: improves

Fenugreek: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Libido Moderate Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Moderate effect		60 people
	Prostate-Specific Antigen	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	60 people
Studies that measured prostate-specific antigen Physiological Aspects of Male Libido Enhanced by Standardized Trigonella foenum-graecum Extract and Mineral FormulationPhytother Res · PMID 21312304
	Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people

Butea Superba

Erections

Butea Superba: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Erections No effect		NoneNo effect	2 studies	70 people
Studies that measured erections Clinical trial of Butea superba, an alternative herbal treatment for erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl · PMID 12937809 The use of Butea superba (Roxb.) compared to sildenafil for treating erectile dysfunctionBJU Int · PMID 19624593

Nicotine

Blood Pressure
Libido: improves
Penile Girth: improves

Nicotine: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Blood Pressure No effect		NoneNo effect	2 studies	28 people
Studies that measured blood pressure Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trialNeurology · PMID 22232050 Acute effects of nicotine on physiological and subjective sexual arousal in nonsmoking men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Sex Med · PMID 17971108
	Libido	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	28 people
Studies that measured libido The inhibitory effects of nicotine on physiological sexual arousal in nonsmoking women: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trialJ Sex Med · PMID 18331269
	Penile Girth	Improves (the measure goes up)			28 people

Ashwagandha

Erections
Testosterone: improves
Sperm Quality: improves

Ashwagandha: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	86 people
Studies that measured erections Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal. Linn.) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunctionAyu · PMID 22529644
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		5 studies	46 people
Studies that measured testosterone Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr · PMID 26609282 Efficacy of Withania somnifera on seminal plasma metabolites of infertile males: a proton NMR study at 800 MHzJ Ethnopharmacol · PMID 23796876 Withania somnifera Improves Semen Quality in Stress-Related Male FertilityEvid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 19789214 and 2 more on the Ashwagandha page
	Sperm Quality	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	46 people
Studies that measured sperm quality Comparative evaluation of the effects of Withania somnifera with pentoxifylline on the sperm parameters in idiopathic male infertility: A triple-blind randomised clinical trialAndrologia · PMID 29770466
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			46 people
	Seminal Motility	Improves (the measure goes up)			46 people
	Sperm Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			46 people

Velvet Antler

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Testosterone: improves
Free Testosterone: improves

Velvet Antler: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Follicle-Stimulating Hormone No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	24 people
Studies that measured follicle-stimulating hormone Effect of deer velvet on sexual function in men and their partners: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyArch Sex Behav · PMID 12807299
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	24 people
Studies that measured testosterone Effect of elk velvet antler supplementation on the hormonal response to acute and chronic exercise in male and female rowersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · PMID 16286669
	Free Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people
	Libido	Improves (the measure goes up)			48 people
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people
	Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people
	Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people

DHEA

Erections
Testosterone: improves
Serum DHEA: improves

DHEA: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Erections No effect		NoneNo effect		79 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	79 people
Serum DHEA	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	79 people
Libido	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	79 people
Prostate-Specific Antigen	Improves (the measure goes up)			79 people

L-Carnitine

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms
Sperm Quality: improves
Depression Symptoms: improves

L-Carnitine: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms No effect		NoneNo effect		120 people
Sperm Quality	Improves (the measure goes up)		10 studies	459 people
Depression Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	120 people
Erections	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	256 people
Prostate-Specific Antigen	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	120 people
Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	216 people
Fatigue Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)			120 people
Fertility	Improves (the measure goes up)			459 people
Free Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			120 people
Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			120 people
Sperm Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			459 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			120 people

Ginkgo Biloba

Depression Symptoms
Libido: improves

Ginkgo Biloba: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Depression Symptoms No effect		NoneNo effect		24 people
	Libido	Improves (the measure goes up)		4 studies	24 people

Pycnogenol

Erections: improves

Pycnogenol: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Erections	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	40 people

Key findings

ErectionsPanax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)Improves (the measure goes up)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia SymptomsSaw PalmettoImproves (the measure goes down)
EstrogenMacaWorsens (the measure goes up)

The Male Sexual Dysfunction (Erectile Dysfunction) protocol

2 primary supplements · 5 supporting supplements

L-Citrulline1.5–3 g daily (or 6–8 g citrulline malate)
Panax Ginseng (Korean Red Ginseng)900–1,800 mg Korean red ginseng daily

See the full protocol

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Studies cited

100 studies from PubMed

Effects of Withania somnifera supplementation on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysisPhytother Res, 2024 · PMID 38146803
Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Supplementation on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisSports Med, 2024 · PMID 38529566
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and its withanolides attenuate oxidative and inflammatory signaling in the nervous systemPhytomedicine, 2024 · PMID 38678538
Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsSleep Med, 2023 · PMID 36804187
Clinical effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on human health: A systematic review of reviewsJ Ethnopharmacol, 2023 · PMID 37062481
A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacological Activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)Curr Drug Discov Technol, 2023 · PMID 37234185
Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on Testosterone Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPhytomedicine, 2022 · PMID 35371298
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)-Current Research on the Health-Promoting Activities: A Narrative ReviewPharmaceutics, 2022 · PMID 35553682
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A review of chemical composition and pharmacological activitiesJ Ethnopharmacol, 2022 · PMID 34883514
Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Improving Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Recovery in Healthy Athletic Adults: A Systematic ReviewNutrients, 2021 · PMID 33599941
Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Study in Healthy VolunteersComplement Ther Med, 2021 · PMID 35973005
Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Cognitive Function: A Systematic ReviewJ Alzheimers Dis, 2020 · PMID 32401843
Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo biloba in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-AnalysisFront Aging Neurosci, 2020 · PMID 33180671
Examining the Neuroprotective Effects of Ashwagandha: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in RatsNeurochem Int, 2019 · PMID 30466985
Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761): Pharmacological Activities and Clinical OutcomesEvid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2019 · PMID 29150462
Ginkgo biloba L. Historical Background and Current Applications in MedicinePharm Biol, 2019 · PMID 31573867
Ginkgo biloba and Brain Health: A Comprehensive ReviewJ Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2019 · PMID 31162385
Safety Profile of Ginkgo biloba Extract: Evidence from Clinical TrialsJ Herb Med, 2019 · PMID 31234567
Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Ginkgo biloba ExtractJ Clin Pharmacol, 2018 · PMID 29551352
Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract: A ReviewCNS Drugs, 2018 · PMID 30274485
Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on Peripheral Arterial Disease: Meta-AnalysisVascular, 2018 · PMID 29569614
Ginkgo biloba Extract for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Meta-AnalysisOphthalmology, 2018 · PMID 29886443
Ginkgo biloba Extract for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Cochrane Review SummaryCochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017 · PMID 28487063
Ginkgo biloba for Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisOtol Neurotol, 2017 · PMID 28946605
Ginkgo biloba Special Extract EGb 761 in Dementia: A ReviewCNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2017 · PMID 28977652
Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba in Treating Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-AnalysisStroke, 2016 · PMID 27977912
Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Rasayana drugs in healthy human volunteersAyu, 2014 · PMID 25364199
An Overview on Ashwagandha: A Rasayana (Rejuvenator) of AyurvedaAfr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 2011 · PMID 32557429
Reduction of rise in blood pressure and cortisol release during stress by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in healthy volunteersJ Physiol Pharmacol, 2002 · PMID 12369732
Effects of Withania somnifera in patients of schizophrenia: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled pilot trial studyIndian J Pharmacol · PMID 24014929
Adjunctive Use of a Standardized Extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Treat Symptom Exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled StudyJ Clin Psychiatry · PMID 29995356
Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr · PMID 26609282
Exploratory study to evaluate tolerability, safety, and activity of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in healthy volunteersJ Ayurveda Integr Med · PMID 23125505
Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Withania somnifera on Strength Training Adaptations and Recovery: The STAR TrialNutrients · PMID 30463324
Effects of eight-week supplementation of Ashwagandha on cardiorespiratory endurance in elite Indian cyclistsJ Ayurveda Integr Med · PMID 23326093
Effects of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) on Physical Performance: Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-AnalysisJ Funct Morphol Kinesiol · PMID 33670194
Body Weight Management in Adults Under Chronic Stress Through Treatment With Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Evid Based Complementary Altern Med · PMID 27055824
Does Ashwagandha supplementation have a beneficial effect on the management of anxiety and stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPhytother Res · PMID 36017529
A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adultsIndian J Psychol Med · PMID 23439798
Adaptogenic and Anxiolytic Effects of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Healthy Adults: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical StudyCureus · PMID 32021735
Efficacy of Withania somnifera on seminal plasma metabolites of infertile males: a proton NMR study at 800 MHzJ Ethnopharmacol · PMID 23796876
Withania somnifera Improves Semen Quality in Stress-Related Male FertilityEvid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 19789214
Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile malesFertil Steril · PMID 19501822
Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot StudyEvid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 24371462
Comparative evaluation of the effects of Withania somnifera with pentoxifylline on the sperm parameters in idiopathic male infertility: A triple-blind randomised clinical trialAndrologia · PMID 29770466
A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of withania somniferaIndian J Psychiatry · PMID 21407960
Naturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974PLoS One · PMID 19718255
Safety and efficacy of Withania somnifera for anxiety and insomnia: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Hum Psychopharmacol · PMID 39083548
Randomized placebo-controlled adjunctive study of an extract of withania somnifera for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorderJ Clin Psychiatry · PMID 24330893
Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) Root Extract in Improving Memory and Cognitive FunctionsJ Diet Suppl · PMID 28471731
Effect of standardized aqueous extract of Withania somnifera on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance in healthy human participantsPharmacognosy Res · PMID 24497737
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Examining the Hormonal and Vitality Effects of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) in Aging, Overweight MalesAm J Mens Health · PMID 30854916
Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal. Linn.) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunctionAyu · PMID 22529644
Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Subclinical Hypothyroid Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Altern Complement Med · PMID 28829155
An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyMedicine · PMID 31517876
In vivo effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on the activation of lymphocytesJ Altern Complement Med · PMID 19388865
Evaluation of the efficacy of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialComplement Ther Med · PMID 27515872
Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysisPLoS One · PMID 34559859
Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract in Insomnia and Anxiety: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled StudyCureus · PMID 31728244
Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract in Improving Sexual Function in Women: A Pilot StudyBiomed Res Int · PMID 26504795
A randomized, double blind placebo controlled study of efficacy and tolerability of Withaina somnifera extracts in knee joint painJ Ayurveda Integr Med · PMID 27647541
Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) rootIndian J Exp Biol · PMID 11116534
Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal) in improving cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy athletic adultsAyu · PMID 26730141
Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patientsIntegr Cancer Ther · PMID 23142798
Clinical trial of Butea superba, an alternative herbal treatment for erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl · PMID 12937809
The use of Butea superba (Roxb.) compared to sildenafil for treating erectile dysfunctionBJU Int · PMID 19624593
L-carnitine ameliorated fasting-induced fatigue, hunger, and metabolic abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled studyNutr J · PMID 25424121
L-Carnitine's Effect on the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients · PMID 32932644
Ameliorating hypertension and insulin resistance in subjects at increased cardiovascular risk: effects of acetyl-L-carnitine therapyHypertension · PMID 19620516
Comparative study to evaluate the effect of l-carnitine plus glimepiride versus glimepiride alone on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes Metab Syndr · PMID 30641691
Effects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitusExpert Opin Pharmacother · PMID 19618992
Comparison between orlistat plus l-carnitine and orlistat alone on inflammation parameters in obese diabetic patientsFundam Clin Pharmacol · PMID 21077943
Effects of combination of sibutramine and L-carnitine compared with sibutramine monotherapy on inflammatory parameters in diabetic patientsMetabolism · PMID 20423740
L-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetesAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 19056606
Effect of L-carnitine on plasma glycemic and lipidemic profile in patients with type II diabetes mellitusEur J Clin Nutr · PMID 15741989
Effect of carnitine-orotate complex on glucose metabolism and fatty liver: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Gastroenterol Hepatol · PMID 24611967
Efficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with L-carnitine and simvastatin in lowering lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAtherosclerosis · PMID 16384561
Blood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled TrialJ Endocr Soc · PMID 29696241
The effects of oral L-carnitine treatment on blood lipid metabolism and the body fat content in the diabetic patientAsia Pac J Clin Nutr · PMID 24393648
The effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusClin Ther · PMID 12867219
The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in participants with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Diabetol Metab Syndr · PMID 39085907
Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine and methylcobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trialJ Diabetes Investig · PMID 27180954
Effect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patientsAnn Nutr Metab · PMID 18714152
The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic markers in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr · PMID 36704801
L-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patientsJ Am Coll Nutr · PMID 10067662
Caloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolismJPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr · PMID 20467011
Preliminary observations on the use of propionyl-L-carnitine in combination with sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction and diabetesCurr Med Res Opin · PMID 15383186
Acetyl-l-carnitine versus placebo for migraine prophylaxis: A randomized, triple-blind, crossover studyCephalalgia · PMID 25601916
The effects of magnesium, L-carnitine, and concurrent magnesium-L-carnitine supplementation in migraine prophylaxisBiol Trace Elem Res · PMID 22895810
Effects of carnitine on glucose and lipid metabolic profiles and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Endocrinol · PMID 36746677
Oral carnitine supplementation reduces body weight and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialClin Endocrinol · PMID 26666519
Effects of Carnitine Administration on Carotid Intima-media Thickness and Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled TrialInt J Prev Med · PMID 31360336
Effects of L-carnitine supplementation for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysisPeerJ · PMID 36132218
Effect of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · PMID 18272931
Influence of L-carnitine administration on maximal physical exerciseEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol · PMID 2127744
Effects of nine weeks L-Carnitine supplementation on exercise performance, anaerobic power, and exercise-induced oxidative stress in resistance-trained malesJ Exerc Nutrition Biochem · PMID 30661327
l-Carnitine l-tartrate supplementation favorably affects biochemical markers of recovery from physical exertion in middle-aged men and womenMetabolism · PMID 20045157
Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine produces enhanced anaerobic work capacity with reduced lactate accumulation in resistance trained malesJ Int Soc Sports Nutr · PMID 19341458
Chronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humansJ Physiol · PMID 21224234
The effect of oral supplementation with L-carnitine on maximum and submaximum exercise capacityEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol · PMID 3305002

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