Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and pancreas cells and an inability of the pancreas to manufacture enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. T2D is strongly associated with excess body fat, and weight loss induced by lifestyle changes is extremely effective for treating T2D.
Quick Answer
What it is
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and pancreas cells and an inability of the pancreas to manufacture enough insulin to control blood glucose levels.
Key findings
- Grade A: Blood glucose (Beta-glucans)
- Grade A: Fasting Blood Glucose (Black Seed Oil)
- Grade A: HbA1c (Black Seed Oil)
Safety
- Safe in high-risk post-ACS patients.
ℹ️ Quick Facts
Quick Facts: Type 2 Diabetes
- Supplements Studied:108
- Research Trials:207
- Total Participants:245,888
- Grade A Supplements:3
- Top Supplement:Red Yeast Rice (A)
207 trials
245,888 participantsppts
108 supps · 868 outcomes
Evidence-Based Protocol
Supplement stack ranked by research quality
Primary Stack (Tier 1)
500mg 2-3x daily with meals
Activates AMPK pathway to enhance glucose uptake, reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis, and improves insulin sensitivity
27 studies | 2,500 participants
600-1200mg daily
Enhances glucose uptake via GLUT4 translocation, reduces oxidative stress, and improves diabetic neuropathy symptoms
22 studies | 1,800 participants
Supporting Stack (Tier 2)
200-1000mcg daily (chromium picolinate)
Potentiates insulin action by enhancing insulin receptor signaling and GLUT4 expression
25 studies | 1,500 participants
300-450mg daily
Essential cofactor for insulin signaling enzymes, improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism
18 studies | 1,200 participants
1-6g daily (Ceylon cinnamon preferred)
Enhances insulin receptor sensitivity and mimics insulin action on glucose transporters
16 studies | 1,000 participants
5-10g before meals
Slows glucose absorption, reduces postprandial glucose spikes, and improves glycemic control
20 studies | 1,100 participants
How It Works
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. This leads to chronically elevated blood glucose, which over time damages blood vessels, nerves, kidneys, and eyes. While medication is often necessary, several supplements have strong evidence for improving blood sugar control.
•Berberine is one of the most effective natural compounds for diabetes—studies show it can lower blood sugar as effectively as metformin. It works by activating AMPK (the 'metabolic master switch'), which increases glucose uptake in cells and reduces sugar production by the liver. Take it with meals to maximize effectiveness and minimize GI side effects.
•Alpha-Lipoic Acid improves insulin sensitivity and is particularly valuable for diabetic neuropathy—the nerve damage that causes numbness, tingling, and burning pain in the feet and hands. It's a powerful antioxidant that protects against the oxidative damage caused by high blood sugar.
•Chromium helps insulin work more effectively by enhancing insulin receptor signaling. Many people with diabetes are chromium deficient, and supplementation can modestly improve HbA1c and fasting glucose.
•Magnesium deficiency is extremely common in diabetes (up to 47% of patients) because high blood sugar increases urinary magnesium loss. Low magnesium worsens insulin resistance, creating a vicious cycle. Supplementation can improve insulin sensitivity.
•Cinnamon contains compounds that mimic insulin and may enhance insulin receptor sensitivity. Ceylon cinnamon is preferred over cassia cinnamon due to lower coumarin content.
•Fiber (Psyllium) slows down carbohydrate absorption, preventing glucose spikes after meals. It also helps with weight management and cholesterol—both important in diabetes.
Expected timeline: Berberine and fiber effects on blood sugar may be noticeable within 2-4 weeks. ALA benefits for neuropathy typically require 3-5 weeks of consistent use. Full glycemic benefits develop over 2-3 months.
Generated from peer-reviewed researchSchema v2.0
Supplements for Type 2 Diabetes
Sorted by strength of evidence
Detailed Outcomes
Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
A
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement
98 studies538 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
HbA1c
Small Improvement
4 studies350 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
34 studies538 participants
↑Worsens
A
Fasting Blood Glucose
Meta-analysis (16 RCTs): FBG reduced by -21.43 mg/dL (p=0.005). Another meta-analysis: WMD -15.18 mg/dL (95% CI -19.82 to -10.55). Effect stronger with oil form >1g/day and duration >8 weeks.
16 studies900 participants
moderate↓Improves
A
HbA1c
Meta-analyses: Consistently reduced HbA1c by -0.44% to -0.45% (p<0.01). Effect more pronounced with higher doses (>1g/day).
12 studies700 participants
moderate↓Improves
A
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Moderate Improvement
4 studies891 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Moderate Improvement
5 studies891 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies891 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
5 studies891 participants
↓Improves
A
HbA1c Reduction
DURATION trials showed HbA1c reductions of 1.1-2.0%. DURATION-1 showed sustained 2.0% reduction at 52 weeks with once-weekly formulation.
large↓Improves
A
Glycemic Control (HbA1c <7%)
DURATION-1 showed 71% achieved HbA1c <7% and 54% achieved ≤6.5% at 52 weeks with exenatide once weekly.
large↑Worsens
A
Body Weight Reduction
DURATION trials showed mean weight loss of 2-4 kg over 6 months. DURATION-5 showed 5.1 lb weight loss with Bydureon vs 3.0 lb with Byetta.
moderate↓Improves
A
Fasting Plasma Glucose
DURATION trials showed significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose across all studies vs comparators.
large↓Improves
A
Systolic Blood Pressure
Long-term therapy showed sustained decrease in systolic blood pressure of approximately 2 mmHg over 3-6 years.
small↓Improves
B
Lipid Profile
DURATION trials showed improvements in fasting lipid profiles with exenatide therapy.
small↓Improves
A
HbA1c Reduction
SURPASS trials showed HbA1c reductions of 1.87-2.58%. SURPASS-2 showed tirzepatide superior to semaglutide 1mg (2.0-2.3% vs 1.86% reduction).
large↓Improves
A
Glycemic Control (HbA1c <7%)
SURPASS-1 showed 87-92% reached HbA1c <7% vs 20% placebo. Up to 52% reached HbA1c <5.7% (normoglycemia).
large↑Worsens
A
Weight Loss in Diabetes
SURPASS trials showed 5.4-12.9 kg weight loss in T2DM patients. SURPASS-2 showed tirzepatide 15mg achieved nearly twice the weight loss of semaglutide 1mg.
large↓Improves
A
Beta-Cell Function
SURPASS-1 analysis showed tirzepatide improved markers of beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity as monotherapy.
moderate↑Improves
A
Fasting Plasma Glucose
SURPASS trials showed substantial reductions in fasting glucose across all dose levels compared to placebo and active comparators.
large↓Improves
A
HbA1c Reduction
AWARD trials showed HbA1c reductions of 1.10-1.77% depending on dose. AWARD-5 showed 1.10% reduction with 1.5mg vs 0.39% with sitagliptin.
large↓Improves
A
Glycemic Control (HbA1c <7%)
AWARD trials showed higher proportions reaching HbA1c <7% and ≤6.5% vs comparators including sitagliptin, exenatide, and insulin glargine.
large↑Worsens
A
Body Weight Reduction
REWIND showed 1.5kg greater weight loss vs placebo sustained over 5.4 years. AWARD trials showed weight loss vs weight-neutral or weight-gaining comparators.
moderate↓Improves
A
Fasting Plasma Glucose
AWARD trials showed significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose across all studies vs comparators.
large↓Improves
A
Postprandial Glucose
AWARD-CHN2 analysis showed dulaglutide reduces both fasting and postprandial glucose components of HbA1c.
moderate↓Improves
A
HbA1c Reduction
SUSTAIN trials showed HbA1c reductions of 1.4-1.8% with semaglutide 1.0mg. SUSTAIN 1 demonstrated 1.55% reduction vs 0.02% placebo (P<0.0001).
large↓Improves
A
Glycemic Control
SUSTAIN 7 showed semaglutide superior to dulaglutide for glycemic control. SUSTAIN 3 showed 1.5% HbA1c reduction vs 0.9% with exenatide ER.
large↑Improves
A
Fasting Plasma Glucose
SUSTAIN trials showed significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose. SUSTAIN 5 showed 2.0-2.4 mmol/L reductions vs 0.1 mmol/L with placebo.
large↓Improves
A
HbA1c Reduction
GetGoal program (13 trials, n>5,000): Consistent HbA1c reductions. ELIXA: 0.27% greater reduction vs placebo. GetGoal-L: Significant improvement when added to basal insulin. All trials met primary HbA1c endpoints.
moderate↓Improves
A
Postprandial Glucose Control
GetGoal-Mono: 75% reduction in postprandial glucose excursion. GetGoal-L: Placebo-corrected PPG reduction of 3.8 mmol/L (P<0.0001). Pronounced prandial effect distinguishes from other GLP-1 RAs.
large↓Improves
A
Cardiovascular Safety (MACE)
ELIXA (n=6,068): CV death/MI/stroke/UA hospitalization 13.4% vs 13.2% placebo (HR 1.02, noninferiority P<0.001, superiority P=0.81). No CV harm or benefit. Safe in high-risk post-ACS patients.
none
A
Add-on to Basal Insulin
GetGoal-L, GetGoal-L-Asia, GetGoal-Duo: Significant HbA1c and PPG improvements when added to basal insulin. Alternative to prandial insulin without weight gain. Less hypoglycemia than basal-bolus regimens.
moderate↑Improves
A
Gastrointestinal Side Effects
Most common: Nausea (dose-dependent), vomiting, diarrhea. Generally mild-moderate, resolve within 3-6 weeks. Similar GI profile to other GLP-1 RAs. Gradual dose titration recommended.
moderate↑Worsens
A
HbA1c Reduction
LEAD trials showed HbA1c reductions of 1.0-1.14% with liraglutide. LEADER showed sustained 0.40% greater reduction vs placebo at 36 months.
large↓Improves
A
Glycemic Control
LEAD-3 showed liraglutide 1.8mg superior to glimepiride monotherapy for glycemic control (1.14% vs 0.51% HbA1c reduction, P<0.0001).
large↑Improves
A
Hypoglycemia Risk
LEAD trials showed liraglutide associated with lower hypoglycemia rates compared to sulfonylureas due to glucose-dependent action.
moderate↓Improves
B
Beta-Cell Function
Studies suggest liraglutide may preserve beta-cell function and reduce glycemic deterioration over time.
moderate↑Improves
A
Glycemic Control (HbA1c)
Phase 2 T2DM (n=281): HbA1c reduction of 2.0-2.2% at 36 weeks. 82% achieved HbA1c ≤6.5%. Superior to 1.5mg dulaglutide comparator. Fasting glucose significantly improved across all doses.
large↓Improves
A
HbA1c Reduction
52-week RCT: 0.3-0.62% HbA1c reduction vs placebo. Improvement achieved without increase in insulin dose or severe hypoglycemia.
moderate↓Improves
A
Postprandial Glucose
1-hour PPG reduced by 4.8 mmol/L, 2-hour PPG reduced by 3.4 mmol/L in clinical trials.
large↓Improves
A
Body Weight
Significant weight reduction in all dose groups vs placebo. 48% achieved combined HbA1c + weight reduction (vs 16% placebo).
moderate↓Improves
A
Postprandial Glucagon
Significant suppression of postprandial glucagon secretion, reducing inappropriate hepatic glucose output after meals.
moderate↓Improves
B
Lipid Profile
Reductions in plasma total and LDL cholesterol observed in 4-week trial supporting improved metabolic control.
small↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Mixed effect
85 studies2750 participants
B
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
2 studies822 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
57 studies2750 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies76 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies76 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies76 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies76 participants
↓Improves
B
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small Improvement
34 studies2580 participants
small↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
36 studies2580 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
36 studies2580 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
31 studies2580 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
33 studies504 participants
small↓Improves
D
Body Mass Index (BMI)
No effect
1 study634 participants
none
?
Insulin
26 studies504 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
20 studies607 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
19 studies599 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
19 studies585 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
18 studies504 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
12 studies504 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study607 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
30 studies2982 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
36 studies2982 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
18 studies2982 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
17 studies2982 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
16 studies1 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
15 studies1 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
14 studies1 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
14 studies1 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
14 studies1 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
8 studies1 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies99 participants
↑Improves
?
Depression Symptoms
1 study70 participants
↓Improves
?
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence
1 study27425 participants
↑Worsens
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
24 studies2080 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
18 studies2080 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
13 studies720 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
13 studies720 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
13 studies2080 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
13 studies720 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
13 studies720 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
13 studies720 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
11 studies2080 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
4 studies720 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies309 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies309 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
21 studies1770 participants
small↓Improves
B
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Small Decrease
10 studies1075 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
17 studies1357 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
14 studies1130 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
14 studies1130 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
13 studies1070 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
13 studies1058 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
7 studies450 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies81 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
2 studies134 participants
↑Worsens
B
Blood glucose
Mixed effect
21 studies890 participants
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
21 studies935 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
20 studies904 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
20 studies879 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
19 studies874 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
16 studies1000 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
11 studies471 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
3 studies153 participants
↑Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
16 studies503 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
15 studies503 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
4 studies503 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
3 studies503 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study467 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study467 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study467 participants
↓Improves
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
1 study467 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study467 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study467 participants
↑Improves
B
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
16 studies1523 participants
small↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
11 studies1523 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
8 studies1523 participants
↑Improves
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
6 studies1523 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
5 studies1523 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
5 studies1523 participants
↓Improves
B
Fasting Blood Glucose
Meta-analysis: significant FBS reduction; single study showed drop from 10.6 to 6.9 mmol/L
11 studies718 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
HbA1c
Berberine comparable to metformin: HbA1c dropped from 9.5% to 7.5% (PMID: 18442638); meta-analysis confirms glycemic benefit
5 studies200 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement
11 studies876 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
Glycemic Control
Small Improvement
1 study25 participants
small↑Improves
?
HbA1c
7 studies454 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Large Improvement
11 studies912 participants
large↓Improves
B
Apolipoprotein B
Small Improvement
2 studies127 participants
small↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
25 studies2291 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
24 studies2227 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
20 studies1426 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
20 studies1860 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
18 studies1729 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
16 studies1138 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
15 studies1347 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
10 studies870 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
10 studies786 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
6 studies536 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
5 studies466 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study116 participants
↑Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
9 studies329 participants
small↓Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study2474 participants
small↑Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
25 studies1418 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
23 studies1265 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
17 studies894 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
15 studies976 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
14 studies837 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
12 studies483 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
11 studies792 participants
↓Improves
?
Vascular Function
11 studies1448 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Albumin
10 studies516 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Fat
8 studies516 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
7 studies191 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
6 studies271 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
6 studies172 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
6 studies205 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
5 studies216 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
5 studies187 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
5 studies459 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
4 studies353 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies147 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
3 studies135 participants
↑Improves
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
3 studies118 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies29 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies225 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2 studies552 participants
↓Improves
?
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
1 study1034 participants
↑Worsens
?
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1
1 study1034 participants
↑Improves
B
Fasting Blood Glucose
Large Decrease - FBG reduced from 10.6 to 6.9 mmol/L in trials
8 studies400 participants
large↓Improves
B
HbA1c
Large Decrease - HbA1c reduced from 9.5% to 7.5% (similar to metformin)
6 studies350 participants
large↓Improves
B
Postprandial Blood Glucose
Large Decrease - PBG reduced from 19.8 to 11.1 mmol/L
5 studies280 participants
large↓Improves
B
Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
44.7% reduction in HOMA-IR
4 studies200 participants
large↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
7 studies377 participants
small↓Improves
B
Beta-cell function
Small Increase
3 studies377 participants
small↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
6 studies377 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies377 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies377 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4 studies377 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
3 studies377 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study43 participants
↓Improves
?
Bone Mineral Density
1 study43 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscle Strength
1 study43 participants
↑Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
5 studies385 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
7 studies473 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies302 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
4 studies302 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
3 studies1454 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
3 studies241 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies1454 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies1404 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study63 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study1325 participants
↓Improves
?
Magnesium Excretion
1 study128 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study1325 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study79 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
5 studies124 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
29 studies702 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
18 studies803 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
17 studies741 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
16 studies753 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
15 studies657 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
12 studies476 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
4 studies106 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies182 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Subjective Well-Being
1 study36 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
4 studies549 participants
small↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4 studies483 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
3 studies421 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies463 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
3 studies421 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies355 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies463 participants
↓Improves
?
Carbohydrate Absorption
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Fructosamine
1 study20 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study295 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study128 participants
↓Improves
B
Adiponectin
Small Increase
3 studies533 participants
small↑Improves
?
Weight
14 studies949 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
13 studies902 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
10 studies1071 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
10 studies862 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
9 studies1057 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
8 studies644 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
8 studies923 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
8 studies644 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
8 studies644 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
8 studies644 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
7 studies900 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
6 studies323 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
6 studies321 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
5 studies541 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
5 studies541 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
5 studies425 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
5 studies419 participants
↓Improves
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
4 studies320 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Fat
3 studies269 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Albumin
3 studies183 participants
↑Improves
?
Urea
3 studies183 participants
↑Improves
?
Waist-Hip Ratio
3 studies117 participants
↑Improves
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
2 studies74 participants
↑Improves
?
Apolipoprotein A
2 studies189 participants
↑Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
2 studies189 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Peptide
2 studies132 participants
↑Improves
?
Hip Circumference
2 studies105 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
2 studies140 participants
↑Improves
?
Arterial Stiffness
1 study240 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study240 participants
↓Improves
?
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Free Fatty Acids
1 study109 participants
↑Improves
?
Hemoglobin
1 study109 participants
↑Improves
?
Leptin
1 study240 participants
↑Improves
?
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity
1 study109 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Fat
1 study118 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study240 participants
↓Improves
?
vLDL-C
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study109 participants
↑Improves
B
Beta-cell function
Small Decrease
3 studies82 participants
small↓Worsens
?
Insulin
3 studies82 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
3 studies82 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
2 studies134 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood glucose
1 study172 participants
↑Worsens
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
2 studies1452 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
16 studies1209 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
13 studies908 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
13 studies908 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
12 studies558 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
9 studies475 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
9 studies435 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
7 studies331 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
5 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies129 participants
↑Improves
?
IGF-1
2 studies120 participants
↑Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
B
Anxiety Symptoms
Small Improvement
2 studies104 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
12 studies796 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
12 studies840 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
12 studies688 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
11 studies746 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
11 studies746 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
8 studies571 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
7 studies840 participants
↑Improves
?
Creatinine
7 studies618 participants
↑Improves
?
Kidney Function
7 studies840 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
7 studies840 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
6 studies378 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
5 studies340 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
5 studies404 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
4 studies218 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies434 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
3 studies434 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
3 studies424 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
3 studies424 participants
↓Improves
?
Sleep Quality
2 studies104 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
2 studies154 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
2 studies154 participants
↑Improves
?
Urea
2 studies118 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study90 participants
↓Improves
?
Depression Symptoms
1 study54 participants
↓Improves
?
Erections
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Homocysteine
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 10
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study54 participants
↑Improves
?
Sexual Function
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
sICAM-1
1 study204 participants
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study54 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement
2 studies737 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
12 studies591 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
9 studies480 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
7 studies490 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
7 studies405 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
7 studies405 participants
↑Worsens
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
7 studies364 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
7 studies405 participants
↑Worsens
?
TNF-Alpha
6 studies307 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies325 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
5 studies285 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin
5 studies246 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
5 studies319 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies134 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
3 studies156 participants
↑Worsens
B
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement
2 studies49 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
Glycemic Control
Moderate Improvement
1 study24 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
HbA1c
2 studies49 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
B
Adiponectin
Small Increase
2 studies522 participants
small↑Improves
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
6 studies406 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
17 studies2900 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
17 studies2900 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
16 studies2900 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
15 studies2900 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
14 studies2900 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
14 studies4238 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
11 studies1266 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
9 studies1171 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
8 studies3885 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
8 studies2900 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
7 studies903 participants
↑Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
6 studies391 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
4 studies2900 participants
↓Improves
?
Lipoprotein(a)
4 studies418 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
3 studies353 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
3 studies2900 participants
↓Improves
?
Leptin
3 studies2900 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
3 studies2900 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
2 studies112 participants
↑Worsens
?
Beta-cell function
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Bilirubin
1 study52 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Peptide
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Carbohydrate Oxidation
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms
1 study232 participants
↓Improves
?
DNA Damage
1 study52 participants
↑Worsens
?
Erections
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
Hemoglobin
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study229 participants
↑Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study81 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study81 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist-Hip Ratio
1 study46 participants
↑Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Whole Body Glucose Uptake
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
2 studies75 participants
small↓Improves
?
Endothelin-1
2 studies75 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
2 studies75 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study45 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin
1 study30 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study45 participants
↑Worsens
B
Blood Glucose Reduction
Systematic review: Triphala significantly decreased fasting blood glucose in diabetic patients. 12-month trial (n=50): Triphala 5g twice daily significantly reduced blood glucose (p<0.001). 45-day study: Both fasting and postprandial blood glucose reduced. Mechanism via alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition.
moderate↓Improves
B
Pancreatic Islet Cell Senescence
MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet cell senescence and delays diabetes progression by acting as a senotherapeutic agent.
moderate↓Improves
C
Type 2 Diabetes Risk
In humans, serum MOTS-c levels are lower in patients with inadequately controlled T2DM (HbA1c >7%). Higher physical activity may rescue metabolic effects in individuals with certain mtDNA polymorphisms.
moderate↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
32 studies1920 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
23 studies1920 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
17 studies1920 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
17 studies1920 participants
↓Improves
C
Fasting Blood Glucose
Meta-analysis: FBG reduced by 2.77mg/dL; insulin and HOMA-IR also improved
10 studies500 participants
small↓Improves
C
Blood Glucose
Small reduction in postprandial glucose
3 studies120 participants
small↓Improves
C
Blood Glucose
Small reduction in fasting glucose in small trials
2 studies60 participants
small↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study16 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study16 participants
↑Worsens
C
Anxiety Symptoms
Small Improvement
1 study38 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study88 participants
↓Improves
?
Quality of Life
1 study38 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Moderate improvement in blood glucose
1 study32 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Small improvement in HDL
1 study32 participants
small↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study32 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
1 study32 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study32 participants
↑Worsens
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study50 participants
small↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study60 participants
small↓Improves
C
Fructosamine
Small Decrease
1 study60 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
Improvement
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
?
Visual acuity (VA)
Improvement (diabetic retinopathy context)
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study60 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study60 participants
↑Worsens
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study12 participants
small↓Improves
?
Diuresis
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study98 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study98 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study98 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study98 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study98 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study98 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
1 study12 participants
small↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small improvement in blood glucose
1 study310 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
6 studies310 participants
↑Worsens
C
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
1 study16 participants
small↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study16 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small improvement in fasting blood glucose
1 study38 participants
small↓Improves
D
Glycemic Control
No effect on overall glycemic control
1 study102 participants
none
?
HbA1c
2 studies54 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study59 participants
↑Worsens
C
Appetite
Reduced appetite in diabetics leading to weight loss
1 study25 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study25 participants
↑Worsens
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study16 participants
small↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement (but N=5 only)
1 study5 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study37 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
2 studies62 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
2 studies62 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies62 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies62 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study37 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study37 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study37 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study37 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study37 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study37 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study50 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Urea
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study33 participants
small↑Improves
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study144 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study144 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study144 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Fat
1 study144 participants
↑Worsens
?
Endothelin-1
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study144 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study144 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin
1 study144 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Mass
1 study144 participants
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Arginine
1 study144 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
C
HbA1c
Small Improvement
1 study79 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study79 participants
↑Worsens
C
Blood Flow
Mixed effect
1 study64 participants
?
Blood glucose
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
?
Proteinuria
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
1 study32 participants
small↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study16 participants
small↓Improves
?
Ketone Bodies
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood Pressure
Small Improvement
1 study27 participants
small↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study27 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Nitrate
1 study27 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study27 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Moderate Improvement
1 study66 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
HbA1c
Small Improvement
1 study51 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study66 participants
↑Worsens
C
Blood Flow
Moderate Increase
1 study41 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study41 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study41 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study41 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study41 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study41 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study41 participants
↑Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study41 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study41 participants
↓Improves
?
Mitochondrial Protection
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study41 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study41 participants
↓Improves
?
Urea
1 study41 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study41 participants
↓Improves
C
HbA1c
Significant reduction in HbA1c (only in those with low baseline A. muciniphila)
1 study58 participants
moderate↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study113 participants
small↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies199 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
6 studies199 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
4 studies129 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4 studies129 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
3 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
3 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
3 studies135 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
3 studies113 participants
↓Improves
C
Glycemic Control
Small Improvement
1 study25 participants
small↑Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study44 participants
small↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
?
Fructosamine
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study44 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
?
vLDL-C
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
D
Blood glucose
No effect
17 studies1251 participants
none
?
Insulin
13 studies870 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
11 studies665 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
9 studies546 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
7 studies460 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
6 studies452 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
5 studies336 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
4 studies251 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies189 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
10 studies521 participants
none
?
Triglycerides
21 studies1087 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
20 studies1008 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
20 studies998 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
19 studies982 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
7 studies1203 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study4229 participants
↑Worsens
D
Body Mass Index (BMI)
No effect
7 studies349 participants
none
?
Total cholesterol
7 studies318 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
7 studies318 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
6 studies330 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
6 studies285 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
6 studies308 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
6 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
5 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Fat
4 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
4 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
3 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
3 studies308 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Fibrinogen
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study20 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
5 studies200 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
6 studies270 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
6 studies270 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies270 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
6 studies270 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies100 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
2 studies100 participants
↑Worsens
D
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
No effect
4 studies240 participants
none
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study25 participants
none
?
Weight
12 studies807 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
10 studies509 participants
↓Improves
?
Glutathione (GSH)
9 studies550 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
9 studies468 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
9 studies569 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
8 studies399 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
8 studies550 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
7 studies369 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
7 studies340 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
7 studies340 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
7 studies340 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
7 studies336 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
5 studies286 participants
↓Improves
?
Superoxide Dismutase Activity
5 studies550 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
5 studies399 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
4 studies550 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
3 studies399 participants
↓Improves
?
Food Intake
2 studies167 participants
↑Worsens
?
Fructosamine
2 studies114 participants
↑Worsens
?
Apolipoprotein A
1 study36 participants
↑Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
?
Appetite
1 study137 participants
↑Worsens
?
Body Fat
1 study57 participants
↓Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Hepatic Glucose Production
1 study137 participants
↑Worsens
?
Kidney Function
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study30 participants
↑Worsens
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
QTc Intervals
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Resistin
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Urea
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
vLDL-C
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
4 studies291 participants
none
?
HbA1c
5 studies325 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
4 studies216 participants
none
?
HbA1c
4 studies216 participants
↑Worsens
D
Adiponectin
No effect
3 studies452 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
3 studies452 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies452 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
3 studies452 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
3 studies452 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies533 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies452 participants
↓Improves
?
Leptin
2 studies452 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect on blood glucose
3 studies18282 participants
none
D
Glucagon
No effect on glucagon
1 study28 participants
none
?
Insulin
6 studies469 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
6 studies469 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
3 studies178 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies39 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
2 studies39 participants
↑Worsens
?
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence
2 studies18243 participants
↑Worsens
D
HbA1c
No effect
3 studies142 participants
none
?
Homocysteine
4 studies183 participants
↓Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
2 studies108 participants
none
?
HbA1c
13 studies765 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
13 studies16 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
13 studies16 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
12 studies16 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
10 studies619 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
10 studies16 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
10 studies16 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies228 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
4 studies228 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
3 studies174 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies134 participants
↑Improves
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
Endogenous Advanced Glycation End Products
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
?
Leptin
1 study74 participants
↑Improves
?
Lipoprotein(a)
1 study60 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
vLDL-C
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
2 studies80 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
5 studies183 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies121 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
3 studies121 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies121 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies121 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study30 participants
↑Worsens
D
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms
No effect
2 studies46 participants
none
?
Pain
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
2 studies67 participants
none
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies67 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies67 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies67 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study318 participants
none
?
Insulin
5 studies318 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
2 studies318 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study318 participants
↓Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study54 participants
none
?
Triglycerides
14 studies751 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
13 studies723 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
12 studies660 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
11 studies649 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
10 studies237 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
8 studies202 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
5 studies103 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
5 studies149 participants
↑Improves
?
vLDL-C
4 studies78 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
4 studies131 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
2 studies63 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies90 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies109 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
2 studies77 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein A
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study54 participants
↓Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Glucagon
1 study28 participants
↑Worsens
?
Homocysteine
1 study81 participants
↓Improves
?
Leptin
1 study54 participants
↑Improves
?
Non-HDL Cholesterol
1 study54 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1
1 study14 participants
↑Improves
?
Platelet Aggregation
1 study80 participants
↑Worsens
?
Resistin
1 study54 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Waist circumference
1 study54 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist-Hip Ratio
1 study54 participants
↑Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study31 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study31 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study31 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study31 participants
↓Improves
D
Endogenous Advanced Glycation End Products
No effect
1 study82 participants
none
?
Proteinuria
1 study82 participants
↑Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study8 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
13 studies537 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
10 studies406 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
10 studies396 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
8 studies354 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
8 studies284 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
8 studies284 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
5 studies129 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
4 studies154 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
3 studies106 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies80 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Vitamin C
3 studies157 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
2 studies63 participants
↑Improves
?
Body Fat
2 studies44 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies98 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
2 studies55 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2 studies43 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies44 participants
↓Improves
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
1 study13 participants
↑Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study65 participants
↑Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study13 participants
↑Improves
?
Fructosamine
1 study13 participants
↑Worsens
?
Inflammation
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study8 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study31 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Mass
1 study13 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study26 participants
↓Improves
?
Urea
1 study65 participants
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study13 participants
↓Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study26 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study30 participants
none
D
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms
No effect
1 study30 participants
none
?
HbA1c
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood Flow
No effect
1 study16 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Fibrinogen
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study16 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study16 participants
↓Improves
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study53 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies91 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study53 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
D
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
No effect
1 study55 participants
none
?
DNA Damage
3 studies78 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood glucose
2 studies74 participants
↓Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
2 studies113 participants
↓Improves
?
Leukotriene B4
2 studies110 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study69 participants
↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study55 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study55 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study19 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
1 study55 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study55 participants
↑Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study55 participants
↓Improves
?
Platelet Aggregation
1 study58 participants
↑Worsens
?
Thromboxane B2
1 study58 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study55 participants
↓Improves
?
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence
1 study38716 participants
↑Worsens
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study55 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study35 participants
none
D
Body Fat
No effect
1 study35 participants
none
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study35 participants
↓Improves
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study53 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies91 participants
↓Improves
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study53 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood Pressure
No effect
1 study12 participants
none
?
Glycemic Control
2 studies24 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study33 participants
none
D
Apolipoprotein A
No effect
1 study40 participants
none
?
Apolipoprotein B
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study40 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study40 participants
↓Improves
D
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
No effect
1 study54 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
1 study54 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study54 participants
↓Improves
?
Plasma Nitrate
1 study54 participants
↑Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study54 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood Pressure
No effect
1 study6 participants
none
?
Glycemic Control
1 study6 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycogen Resynthesis
1 study6 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study6 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study6 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study6 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study6 participants
↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study21 participants
none
?
HbA1c
1 study21 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
1 study21 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study21 participants
↑Worsens
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study59 participants
none
?
Blood Pressure
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Peptide
1 study59 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study59 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study59 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study59 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
8 studies1082 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
7 studies988 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
7 studies988 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
Small Detriment
6 studies1273 participants
small
?
Total cholesterol
6 studies958 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
5 studies220 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study34 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1 study666 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
Small Detriment
1 study45 participants
small
?
Blood Pressure
1 study45 participants
↑Worsens
?
Glycemic Control
1 study45 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study45 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study45 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study45 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study45 participants
↑Worsens
Research Citations (29)
Related Conditions
Metabolic Health
62 shared supplements · 975 outcomes
Research on metabolism, blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic syndrome.
50 shared supplements · outcomes
High Cholesterol
47 shared supplements · 553 outcomes
High amounts of low-density lipoproteins cause fatty plaques to build up in the arteries, which restricts blood flow and can cause health problems like a heart attack. Lifestyle factors (e.g., poor diet, smoking) and genetics play a huge role in blood cholesterol levels.
Obesity
44 shared supplements · 525 outcomes
Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used. Obesity treatment usually involves restricting the calories eaten or creating a negative calorie balance.
High Blood Pressure
44 shared supplements · 393 outcomes
High blood pressure is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. High blood pressure is often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, although it can result from other medical conditions as well.
Weight Loss & Maintenance
38 shared supplements · 433 outcomes
This goal refers to people with a BMI >25 attempting to reach/maintain their ideal weight. While interventions that work for people with a BMI >25 may also work for people with a lower BMI, the context is often sufficiently different that this isn't assured.
Metabolic Syndrome
37 shared supplements · 391 outcomes
Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of cardiometabolic risk factors: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, high blood triglycerides, and low HDL-C. If a person has at least three of these, they have metabolic syndrome.
General Athletic Performance
32 shared supplements · 656 outcomes
General athletic performance refers to an individual's ability to perform in various sports and physical activities, including strength, speed, endurance, and agility.