Arginine

L-Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid and the primary precursor to nitric oxide (NO). C-grade evidence for blood flow improvement and anaerobic capacity. IMPORTANT: Oral arginine has poor bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism in the gut (arginase). Citrulline is actually MORE effective at raising plasma arginine levels. Common in pre-workout supplements for 'pumps' but evidence for performance benefits is modest. May help with erectile dysfunction in mild cases (C-grade) and blood pressure.

Quick Answer

What it is

L-Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid and the primary precursor to nitric oxide (NO). C-grade evidence for blood flow improvement and anaerobic capacity.

Key findings

  • Grade C: Blood Flow
  • Grade C: Anaerobic Capacity (General Athletic Performance)
  • Grade C: Adiponectin (Type 2 Diabetes)

Safety

No specific caution or interaction language was detected in the current summary/outcome notes.

ℹ️ Quick Facts: Arginine

Quick Facts: Arginine

  • Best Evidence:Grade C
  • Conditions Studied:13
  • Research Outcomes:80
  • Key Effect:General Athletic Performance
Outcomes by grade:
A0
B0
C10
D6
13 conditions Β· 80 outcomes

Detailed Outcomes

Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
small↑Improves
D
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (aka ADMA)
No effect
2 studies
none
C
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Improvement
1 study
small↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
2 studies
↑Worsens
?
Growth Hormone
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
↑Worsens
?
Blood Flow
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Cost of Exercise
1 study
↑Improves
?
Power Output
1 study
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
↑Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study
small↑Improves
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
1 study
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Body Fat
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Endothelin-1
1 study
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Insulin
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Mass
1 study
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
↑Improves
?
Plasma Arginine
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
↑Improves
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
small↑Improves
C
Adiponectin
Small Increase
1 study
small↑Improves
?
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
1 study
↑Improves
?
Endothelin-1
1 study
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
↑Improves
C
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Improvement
1 study
small↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Cost of Exercise
1 study
↑Improves
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
small↑Improves
?
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Nitric Oxide
↑Improves
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
small↑Improves
C
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms
Mixed effect
1 study
?
Nitric Oxide
↑Improves
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
small↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
↑Worsens
?
Blood Pressure
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Power Output
1 study
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
↑Improves
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
5 studies
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
14 studies
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
14 studies
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
↑Worsens
?
TNF-Alpha
3 studies
↑Worsens
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
5 studies
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
14 studies
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
14 studies
↑Worsens
?
Total cholesterol
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
↑Worsens
?
TNF-Alpha
3 studies
↑Worsens
D
Ammonia
No effect
1 study
none
D
Ammonia
No effect
1 study
none
?
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Cortisol
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Glucagon
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Growth Hormone
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Cost of Exercise
1 study
↑Improves
?
Plasma Arginine
↑Improves
?
Plasma Nitrate
1 study
↑Improves
?
Power Output
1 study
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study
↑Improves
?
Urea
1 study
↑Improves
D
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (aka ADMA)
No effect
1 study
none
?
Blood Flow
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Nitric Oxide
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
↑Worsens
?
Plasma Arginine
↑Improves
?
Subjective Well-Being
1 study
↑Improves
?
Growth Hormone
↑Improves

Evidence by Condition

Best grade per condition (each condition may have multiple outcomes)

CGeneral Athletic Performance
1
↑Anaerobic CapacityImproves↑Blood PressureWorsens↑Growth HormoneImproves
CType 2 Diabetes
1
↑AdiponectinImproves↑Anti-Oxidant Enzyme ProfileImproves↑Blood FlowImproves
CObesity
1
↑AdiponectinImproves↑Anti-Oxidant Enzyme ProfileImproves↑Endothelin-1Improves
CAnaerobic Exercise Performance
1
↑Anaerobic CapacityImproves↑Nitric OxideImproves↑Oxygen Cost of ExerciseImproves
CIntermittent Claudication
1
↑Blood FlowImproves↑Intermittent Claudication SymptomsWorsens↑Nitric OxideImproves
CPeripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
1
↑Blood FlowImprovesIntermittent Claudication Symptoms↑Nitric OxideImproves
CMuscle Size & Strength
1
↑Blood FlowImproves↑Heart RateWorsens↑Blood PressureWorsens
DMetabolic Health
1
Ammonia
DHigh Cholesterol
1
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)↑High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves↑Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Worsens
DCycling Performance
1
Ammonia↑Blood Lactate (Exercise)Worsens↑CortisolWorsens
DDyslipidemia
1
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)↑High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves↑Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Worsens
DPeripheral Arterial Disease
1
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (aka ADMA)↑Blood FlowImproves↑Blood glucoseWorsens

Research Citations (17)

Effect of a long-term oral l-arginine supplementation on glucose metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PMID: 22553931
Beneficial effects of a long-term oral L-arginine treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and exercise training program in obese, insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients
PMID: 16772327
The effect of oral L-arginine supplementation on fasting glucose, HbA1c, nitric oxide and total antioxidant status in diabetic patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease of lower extremities
PMID: 22530351
A study of growth hormone release in man after oral administration of amino acids
PMID: 6790230
Growth hormone responses to varying doses of oral arginine
PMID: 15809017
No effect of short-term arginine supplementation on nitric oxide production, metabolism and performance in intermittent exercise in athletes
PMID: 18708287
L-arginine supplementation in peripheral arterial disease: no benefit and possible harm
PMID: 17592080
Effects of 7 days of arginine-alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation on blood flow, plasma L-arginine, nitric oxide metabolites, and asymmetric dimethyl arginine after resistance exercise
PMID: 21813912
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism
PMID: 17662090
Hemodynamic and vascular response to resistance exercise with L-arginine
PMID: 19276857

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