Anaerobic Exercise Performance

Anaerobic exercise is exercise that mostly relies on the breakdown of phosphocreatine and glycogen. This type of exercise involves short maximal efforts. Examples of anaerobic exercise performance tests include countermovement jump height, the Wingate test, and 100-meter to 400-meter sprinting.

Quick Answer

What it is

Anaerobic exercise is exercise that mostly relies on the breakdown of phosphocreatine and glycogen. This type of exercise involves short maximal efforts.

Key findings

  • Grade A: Aerobic Exercise Metrics (Caffeine)
  • Grade B: Jump Height (Creatine)
  • Grade B: Exercise Capacity (Nitrate)

Safety

No specific caution or interaction language was detected in the current summary/outcome notes.

ℹ️ Quick Facts

Quick Facts: Anaerobic Exercise Performance

  • Supplements Studied:22
  • Research Trials:24
  • Total Participants:9,430
  • Grade A Supplements:1
  • Top Supplement:Caffeine (A)
24 trials
9,430 ppts
22 supps · 98 outcomes

Evidence-Based Protocol

Supplement stack ranked by research quality

Strong Evidence

Primary Stack (Tier 1)

5g daily (or 20g/day for 5-7 days loading)

Increases phosphocreatine stores for rapid ATP regeneration during high-intensity, short-duration efforts

100 studies | 3,500 participants
3-6mg/kg body weight, 30-60 min pre-exercise

Adenosine receptor antagonist that reduces perceived exertion and enhances power output

45 studies | 1,200 participants

Supporting Stack (Tier 2)

3.2-6.4g daily (split doses to reduce tingling)

Increases muscle carnosine, buffering hydrogen ions to delay fatigue during high-intensity efforts lasting 1-4 minutes

40 studies | 1,400 participants
0.3g/kg body weight, 60-90 min pre-exercise

Extracellular buffer that neutralizes lactic acid, extending high-intensity exercise capacity

35 studies | 800 participants

How It Works

Anaerobic exercise—sprinting, weightlifting, HIIT, and other high-intensity efforts lasting seconds to a few minutes—relies on energy systems that don't require oxygen. These systems produce ATP rapidly but generate metabolic byproducts (hydrogen ions, lactate) that cause the burning sensation and limit performance. This protocol enhances all three energy systems used in anaerobic work.

•Creatine is the most researched sports supplement. It increases your muscles' stores of phosphocreatine, which regenerates ATP almost instantly during explosive efforts. Studies consistently show 5-15% improvements in strength, power, and sprint performance. It also supports muscle growth.
•Caffeine enhances anaerobic performance through multiple mechanisms: it blocks fatigue-sensing adenosine receptors, increases adrenaline release, and reduces perceived exertion. This allows you to push harder during max efforts. 3-6mg per kg body weight is the optimal dose range.
•Beta-Alanine increases muscle carnosine levels, which buffers the acid that accumulates during intense exercise. It's most effective for efforts lasting 1-4 minutes—think 400m sprints, high-rep sets, or CrossFit-style workouts. The tingling sensation (paresthesia) is harmless.
•Sodium Bicarbonate (baking soda) is another buffer, but it works outside the muscle cell. It's particularly effective for repeated high-intensity bouts and efforts lasting 30 seconds to 7 minutes.

Expected timeline: Creatine requires 2-4 weeks to saturate muscles (or 5-7 days with loading). Caffeine works acutely within 30-60 minutes. Beta-alanine requires 4+ weeks of daily use. Bicarbonate works acutely.

Generated from peer-reviewed researchSchema v2.0

Supplements for Anaerobic Exercise Performance

Sorted by strength of evidence

ACaffeine
1
↑Aerobic Exercise MetricsImproves↑StrengthImproves↑Muscular EnduranceImproves
BTaurine
1
↑Aerobic Exercise MetricsImproves↑Anaerobic CapacityImproves↑Power OutputImproves
BNitrate
1
↑Exercise CapacityImproves↑Peak power output (PPO)Improves↑Maximal isometric voluntary contractionImproves
BCreatine
1
↑Jump HeightImproves↑StrengthImproves↑Peak power output (PPO)Improves
CD-Ribose
2
Ammonia↑Blood Lactate (Exercise)Worsens↑Peak power output (PPO)Improves
CTongkat Ali
1
↑Power OutputImproves↑StrengthImproves
CL-Tyrosine
1
Adrenaline↓Blood glucoseImproves↑Blood Lactate (Exercise)Worsens
CFenugreek
1
↓Body FatImproves↑DHTImproves↑EstrogenWorsens
CArginine
1
↑Anaerobic CapacityImproves↑Nitric OxideImproves↑Oxygen Cost of ExerciseImproves
CSodium Bicarbonate
1
↑Anaerobic CapacityImproves↑Blood AcidityWorsens↑Serum BicarbonateImproves
CPanax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
1
↓Body FatImproves↑Exercise RecoveryImproves↓Fatigue SymptomsImproves
CBeta-Alanine
1
↑Anaerobic CapacityImproves↑Muscle MassImproves↑Oxygen UptakeImproves
CEleuthero
1
↑Anaerobic CapacityImproves↓Fatigue ResistanceImproves↑Oxygen UptakeImproves
CCitric Acid
1
↑Anaerobic Exercise PerformanceImproves
DQuercetin
1
Anaerobic Capacity↓Interleukin 6Improves↑Rating of Perceived ExertionImproves
DFish Oil
1
Anaerobic Capacity↑Sprint Performance MetricsImproves
DCholine
1
Anaerobic Capacity↓Fatigue SymptomsImproves↑Rating of Perceived ExertionImproves
DBitter orange
1
Headaches↑Insomnia Signs and SymptomsWorsens↑Sprint Performance MetricsImproves
DL-Carnitine
1
Aerobic Exercise Metrics↑Muscle Carnitine ContentImproves↑Power OutputImproves
DBlack Ginger
1
Aerobic Exercise Metrics↑Power OutputImproves↑Rating of Perceived ExertionImproves

Detailed Outcomes

Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
A
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
Moderate Improvement
64 studies
moderate↑Improves
?
Strength
50 studies
↑Improves
?
Muscular Endurance
39 studies
↑Improves
?
Anaerobic Capacity
20 studies
↑Improves
?
Sprint Performance Metrics
15 studies
↑Improves
?
Exercise Capacity
14 studies
↑Improves
?
Jump Height
10 studies
↑Improves
?
Agility
8 studies
↑Improves
B
Jump Height
Small Increase
23 studies
small↑Improves
?
Strength
49 studies
↑Improves
?
Peak power output (PPO)
12 studies
↑Improves
B
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
Small Improvement
16 studies
small↑Improves
?
Anaerobic Capacity
8 studies
↑Improves
?
Power Output
6 studies
↑Improves
?
Muscular Endurance
2 studies
↑Improves
B
Exercise Capacity
Small Improvement
5 studies
small↑Improves
?
Peak power output (PPO)
19 studies
↑Improves
?
Maximal isometric voluntary contraction
8 studies
↑Improves
?
Jump Height
6 studies
↑Improves
?
Strength
6 studies
↑Improves
?
Sprint Performance Metrics
5 studies
↑Improves
C
Anaerobic Exercise Performance
Sodium citrate has been studied in small human trials as an extracellular buffering agent for high-intensity anaerobic exercise, similar to sodium bicarbonate. Results are mixed, with some studies showing modest improvements in repeated sprint performance and time to exhaustion while others find no benefit. The mechanism is extracellular pH buffering, not Krebs cycle enhancement.
12 studies
small↑Improves
C
Power Output
Small Improvement
1 study
small↑Improves
?
Strength
1 study
↑Improves
C
Adrenaline
Mixed effect
1 study
?
Blood glucose
2 studies
↓Improves
?
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
2 studies
↑Worsens
?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
1 study
↑Improves
?
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
1 study
↑Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study
↓Improves
?
Dopamine
1 study
↑Improves
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study
↓Improves
?
Muscular Endurance
1 study
↑Improves
?
Noradrenaline
1 study
↑Improves
?
Power Output
1 study
↑Improves
?
Strength
1 study
↑Improves
C
Body Fat
Small Decrease
1 study
small↓Improves
?
DHT
1 study
↑Improves
?
Estrogen
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Mass
1 study
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study
↑Improves
C
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Improvement
1 study
small↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Cost of Exercise
1 study
↑Improves
C
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Improvement
1 study
small↑Improves
?
Blood Acidity
15 studies
↑Worsens
?
Serum Bicarbonate
15 studies
↑Improves
?
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
14 studies
↑Worsens
?
Power Output
6 studies
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
5 studies
↑Improves
?
Peak power output (PPO)
3 studies
↑Improves
C
Body Fat
Small Decrease
1 study
small↓Improves
?
Exercise Recovery
1 study
↑Improves
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study
↓Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study
↑Improves
?
Peak power output (PPO)
1 study
↑Improves
?
Weight
1 study
↓Improves
C
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Improvement
1 study
small↑Improves
?
Fatigue Resistance
1 study
↓Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study
↑Improves
C
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Improvement
1 study
small↑Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study
↑Improves
D
Ammonia
No effect
3 studies
none
?
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
3 studies
↑Worsens
?
Peak power output (PPO)
3 studies
↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
2 studies
↓Improves
?
Power Output
2 studies
↑Improves
?
ATP Regeneration
1 study
↑Improves
?
Maximal isometric voluntary contraction
1 study
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study
↓Improves
D
Anaerobic Exercise Performance
In a crossover study of NCAA female soccer athletes (n=11), acute red spinach extract did not improve peak or mean power during repeated Wingate tests, but significantly reduced fatigue index. A 7-day trial in resistance-trained males (n=10) found no significant improvement in bench press repetitions, peak power, or mean power with RSE supplementation.
2 studies
small↑Improves
D
Anaerobic Capacity
No effect
1 study
none
?
Interleukin 6
1 study
↓Improves
?
Rating of Perceived Exertion
1 study
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study
↓Improves
D
Anaerobic Capacity
No effect
1 study
none
?
Sprint Performance Metrics
1 study
↑Improves
D
Anaerobic Capacity
No effect
1 study
none
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study
↓Improves
?
Rating of Perceived Exertion
1 study
↑Improves
D
Headaches
No effect
1 study
none
?
Insomnia Signs and Symptoms
1 study
↑Worsens
?
Sprint Performance Metrics
1 study
↑Improves
D
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
No effect
1 study
none
?
Muscle Carnitine Content
1 study
↑Improves
?
Power Output
1 study
↑Improves
D
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
No effect
1 study
none
?
Power Output
1 study
↑Improves
?
Rating of Perceived Exertion
1 study
↑Improves
D
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
No effect
1 study
none
?
Power Output
1 study
↑Improves
?
Anaerobic Capacity
Small Detriment
1 study
small
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study
↑Improves
?
Glycogen
1 study
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study
↑Improves
?
Power Output
1 study
↑Improves
?
Power Output
1 study
↑Improves

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