Supplement
Caffeine is a stimulant in coffee and tea that blocks adenosine, a brain chemical that builds up and makes you feel tired. People mostly look at it for athletic performance, and the evidence is strong for aerobic exercise, where trials found endurance measures improved, with agility improving too. The agility findings came from small studies, and evidence for sprint-type efforts was limited.
Sources: PMID 30926628; PMID 21120518
- Updated
- How we grade
- 54 studies cited
- Best evidence
- Grade A
- Conditions studied
- 26
- Outcomes
- 123
- Graded outcomes
- 35101
Evidence by condition
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
Cycling Performance
- Aerobic Exercise Metrics: improves
- Anaerobic Capacity: improves
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
General Athletic Performance
- Adrenaline: improves
- Anaerobic Capacity: improves
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenaline Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 2 studies | 38 people | ||
| Anaerobic Capacity Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 5 studies | 20 people | ||
Studies that measured anaerobic capacity
| ||||||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 4 studies | 53 people | |||
Studies that measured blood lactate (exercise)
| ||||||
| Heart Rate | Changes; see studies | 4 studies | 35 people | |||
Studies that measured heart rate
| ||||||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 79 people | |||
Studies that measured power output | ||||||
| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 10 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 12 people | |||
| Cortisol | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 40 people | |||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
| Jump Height | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 14 people | |||
| Subjective Well-Being | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 13 people | |||
| Thermogenesis | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 13 people | |||
| Training Volume | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 29 people | |||
| Fat Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
| Metabolic Rate | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Oxygen Uptake | Improves (the measure goes up) | 10 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 40 people | ||||
Metabolic Health
- Adrenaline: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenaline Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 2 studies | 42 people | ||
Sleep Health
- Sleep Duration: worsens
- Sleep Efficiency: improves
- Sleep Latency: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep Duration Small Decrease | Worsens (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 2 studies | 80 people | ||
| Sleep Efficiency | Improves (the measure goes up) | 80 people | ||||
| Sleep Latency | Changes; see studies | 252 people | ||||
Pain Relief
- Headaches: improves
- Rating of Perceived Exertion: improves
- Pain: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headaches Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 1,503 people | ||
| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 15 people | |||
| Pain | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 4,262 people | |||
Studies that measured pain | ||||||
Running Performance
- Anaerobic Capacity: improves
- Reaction Time: improves
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
Muscle Size Strength
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): worsens
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) Small Increase | Worsens (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 4 studies | 13 people | ||
Studies that measured blood lactate (exercise)
| ||||||
Muscle Size & Strength
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): worsens
- Heart Rate: changes; see studies
- Power Output: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) Small Increase | Worsens (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 4 studies | 13 people | ||
Studies that measured blood lactate (exercise)
| ||||||
| Heart Rate | Changes; see studies | 4 studies | 25 people | |||
Studies that measured heart rate
| ||||||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 79 people | |||
Studies that measured power output | ||||||
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 12 people | |||
| Cortisol | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 40 people | |||
| Subjective Well-Being | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 13 people | |||
| Training Volume | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 29 people | |||
| Metabolic Rate | Improves (the measure goes up) | 12 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 40 people | ||||
Healthy Muscle Aging
- Adrenaline: improves
- Blood Lactate (Exercise): changes; see studies
- Glycemic Control: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenaline Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 2 studies | 30 people | ||
| Blood Lactate (Exercise) | Changes; see studies | 4 studies | 30 people | |||
Studies that measured blood lactate (exercise)
| ||||||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 30 people | |||
Studies that measured glycemic control | ||||||
| Fat Oxidation | Improves (the measure goes up) | 30 people | ||||
General Cardiovascular Health
- Blood Flow: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Flow Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 1 study | 80 people | ||
Studies that measured blood flow | ||||||
Low Testosterone
- Cortisol: improves
- Power Output: improves
- Testosterone: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortisol Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 16 people | ||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 16 people | |||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 16 people |
Rugby Performance
- Cortisol: improves
- Power Output: improves
- Training Volume: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortisol Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 16 people | ||
| Power Output | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 16 people | |||
| Training Volume | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 16 people | |||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 16 people |
High-Altitude Performance
- Muscular Endurance: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscular Endurance Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 1 study | 8 people |
Postdural Puncture Headache
- Headaches: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headaches Small Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 1 study | 94 people |
Weight Loss & Maintenance
- Appetite
- Cortisol: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appetite No effect | NoneNo effect | 16 people | ||||
| Cortisol | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 16 people |
Rowing Performance
- Anaerobic Capacity: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anaerobic Capacity | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 8 people |
Focus & Attention
- Memory: improves
- Reaction Time: improves
- Blood Pressure: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 102 people | |||
| Reaction Time | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 166 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 102 people | |||
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Detriment | Worsens (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 1 study | 400 people | ||
| Subjective Well-Being | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 102 people | |||
| Wakefulness | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 124 people |
Cognitive Improvement
- Memory: improves
- Reaction Time: improves
- Blood Pressure: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 20 people | |||
| Reaction Time | Improves (the measure goes up) | 5 studies | 988 people | |||
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 102 people | |||
| Anxiety Symptoms Small Detriment | Worsens (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 1 study | 400 people | ||
| Cognition | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 40 people | |||
| Subjective Well-Being | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 102 people | |||
| Visual acuity (VA) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 13 people | |||
| Wakefulness | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 102 people | |||
| Attention | Improves (the measure goes up) | 211 people | ||||
| Executive Function | Improves (the measure goes up) | 988 people | ||||
| Fatigue Symptoms | Changes; see studies | 13 people | ||||
| Processing Accuracy | Improves (the measure goes up) | 988 people | ||||
| Processing Speed | Improves (the measure goes up) | 988 people | ||||
| Testosterone | Improves (the measure goes up) | 13 people | ||||
| Verbal Learning | Improves (the measure goes up) | 224 people |
Muscle Recovery
- Rating of Perceived Exertion: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Improves (the measure goes up) | 3 studies | 15 people |
Warm- or Hot-Weather Exercise Performance
- Adrenaline: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenaline | Improves (the measure goes up) | 2 studies | 8 people |
Type 2 Diabetes
- Blood Pressure: changes; see studies
- Glycemic Control: improves
- Insulin: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 45 people | |||
| Glycemic Control | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 45 people | |||
| Insulin | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 45 people | |||
| Blood glucose Small Detriment | Worsens (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 45 people | |||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Improves (the measure goes up) | 45 people | ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Changes; see studies | 45 people | ||||
| Triglycerides | Changes; see studies | 45 people |
High Blood Pressure
- Blood Pressure: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 110 people |
Fatigue
- Cognition: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 20 people |
Asthma
- Asthma Symptoms: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma Symptoms | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 75 people |
What the published studies found
5 automated readings
Attention
A Cochrane review (2010, 13 studies) found a moderate improvement in attention. That review studied persons with jet lag or shift work disorder. 6 of the 7 studies read agree; 1 found no clear difference. The evidence is moderate.
7 studies counted of 10 read: 5 reviews and 2 trials (164 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2010; 13 studies; persons with jet lag or shift work disorder: improves (the review the verdict rests on). Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers
- Meta-analysis, 2023; 4 studies, 76 people; children with ADHD: no clear difference.
no significant difference when comparing placebo with caffeine
Effects of Caffeine on Main Symptoms in Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials - Systematic review, 2022; animals with ADHD-like symptoms: improves.
Caffeine treatment increases attention and improves learning
Effects of Caffeine Consumption on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies - Meta-analysis, 2021; 13 studies: improves.
significant impacts of caffeine only emerged on attention
Caffeine and Cognitive Functions in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2020; 45 studies; sleep deprived/restricted individuals: improves.
improved response time (44 EEs; g = 0.86
Effects of acute caffeine consumption following sleep loss on cognitive, physical, occupational and driving performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Randomised trial, 2024; 127 people: improves.
showed a performance benefit as well as reported being more on task
Examining the effects of caffeine during an auditory attention task - Crossover trial, 2023; 37 people: improves.
lower in the caffeine condition vs. the placebo condition
Relationship between Habitual Caffeine Consumption, Attentional Performance, and Individual Alpha Frequency during Total Sleep Deprivation
Body weight
Mixed or unclear: two readings of the studies disagreed. One reading found an improvement for body weight, the other a worse result. The question is open.
Harm reported: the studies read found a worse result for body weight with Caffeine. One abstract says: "high caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in the risk of LBW" Talk to a doctor or pharmacist before taking it for this.
2 studies counted of 11 read: 2 reviews.
- Meta-analysis, 2019; 13 studies, 606 people: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
mean reduction in weight, BMI, and fat mass increased
The effects of caffeine intake on weight loss: a systematic review and dos-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Meta-analysis, 2015; 12 studies; pregnant women: worsens.
associated with a significant increase in the risk of LBW
Maternal Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy and Risk of Low Birth Weight: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
- Meta-analysis, 2019; 13 studies, 606 people: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
Cardiovascular events
The studies read are too weak to tell whether Caffeine changes cardiovascular events. They lean toward a worse result, which is not enough to claim one. The evidence is very weak.
Possible harm: 1 study read reported a worse result for cardiovascular events with Caffeine. One abstract says: "Fifteen-minute systolic BP readings were significantly lower in the placebo trials (156.93 ± 15.50) in relation to the 3 energy drink trials" Check the studies below, and ask a doctor or pharmacist if this applies to you.
1 study counted of 11 read: 1 trial (15 people in the trials).
- Crossover trial, 2017; 15 people; recreational runners: worsens.
Fifteen-minute systolic BP readings were significantly lower in the placebo trials (156.93 ± 15.50) in …
Effects of Energy Drinks on Economy and Cardiovascular Measures
- Crossover trial, 2017; 15 people; recreational runners: worsens.
Memory
A Cochrane review (2010, 13 studies) found a large improvement in memory. That review studied persons with jet lag or shift work disorder. 4 of the 7 studies read agree; 2 found a worse result, 1 found no clear difference. The evidence is moderate.
Possible harm: 2 studies read reported a worse result for memory with Caffeine. One abstract says: "Instead, we observed a general impairment in recognition performance, suggesting a reduced ability to distinguish previously encountered from novel but similar faces." Check the studies below, and ask a doctor or pharmacist if this applies to you.
7 studies counted of 10 read: 4 reviews and 3 trials (144 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2010; 13 studies; persons with jet lag or shift work disorder: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
memory (SMD -1.08; 95% CI -2.07 to -0.09)
Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers - Systematic review, 2022; animals with ADHD-like symptoms: improves.
improves learning, memory, and olfactory discrimination
Effects of Caffeine Consumption on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies - Meta-analysis, 2021; 13 studies: improves.
it may also improve simple reaction time, choice reaction time, memory, or fatigue
Caffeine and Cognitive Functions in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2020; 45 studies; sleep deprived or restricted individuals: improves.
typically indicated benefit of caffeine on memory
Effects of acute caffeine consumption following sleep loss on cognitive, physical, occupational and driving performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Randomised trial, 2025; 97 people: worsens.
caffeine consumption did not improve the consolidation of face recognition memory. Instead, we observed a …
Caffeine reduces accuracy in face recognition memory consolidation - Crossover trial, 2024; 29 people; healthy physically active young adults: no clear difference.
memory were not affected after either caffeine dose
Effects of different doses of caffeine on cognitive performance in healthy physically active individuals - Randomised trial, 2024; 18 people; healthy habitual caffeine consumers: worsens. Acute caffeine administration impaired spatial working memory in habitual coffee/tea drinkers: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
- Meta-analysis, 2010; 13 studies; persons with jet lag or shift work disorder: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
Muscle strength
The best available review (2026, 21 studies) found a small improvement in muscle strength. That review studied athletes or individuals testing muscular strength. 7 of the 8 studies read agree; 1 found no clear difference. The evidence is moderate.
8 studies counted of 8 read: 6 reviews and 2 trials (56 people in the trials).
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 21 studies; athletes or individuals testing muscular strength: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
ergogenic effect of caffeinated chewing gum was found for muscular strength
Fast-Acting Caffeine: Does Caffeinated Chewing Gum Enhance Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Jumping Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2024; 14 studies: improves.
significantly improved muscle strength (WMD, 7.09
Effects of Acute Ingestion of Caffeine Capsules on Muscle Strength and Muscle Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Meta-analysis, 2024; 9 studies; athletes: improves. The effect of caffeine supplementation on muscular strength and endurance: A meta-analysis of meta-analyses
- Meta-analysis, 2021; 8 studies: improves. Ergogenic Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Endurance and Muscular Strength in Women: A Meta-Analysis
- Meta-analysis, 2019; 10 studies: improves.
SMD for the effects of caffeine on strength was 0.16
The effects of caffeine ingestion on isokinetic muscular strength: A meta-analysis - Meta-analysis, 2010; 27 studies: improves.
small beneficial effect on MVC strength
Effect of caffeine ingestion on muscular strength and endurance: a meta-analysis - Crossover trial, 2025; 13 people; resistance-trained males: improves.
caffeine increased mean velocity (Vmean) and power output
Acute caffeine intake improves muscular strength, power, and endurance performance, reversing the time-of-day effect regardless of muscle activation level in resistance-trained males: a randomized controlled trial - Crossover trial, 2023; 43 people; younger and older men: no clear difference.
No effects of caffeine ingestion on peak torque
Exogenous Caffeine Ingestion Does Not Increase Plantarflexor Torque in Older or Younger Men
- Meta-analysis, 2026; 21 studies; athletes or individuals testing muscular strength: improves (the review the verdict rests on).
Key findings
- Aerobic Exercise MetricsImproves (the measure goes up)
- AdrenalineImproves (the measure goes up)
- Sleep DurationWorsens (the measure goes down)
Shop the evidence-backed picks
Third-party tested Caffeine products, in the forms the graded studies used where we can match them.
- Grade A
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Studies cited
54 studies from PubMed
- Effects of 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine alone or in combination on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy men and women
- Ergogenic effect of varied doses of coffee-caffeine on maximal aerobic power of young African subjects
- The effect of caffeine ingestion on mood state and bench press performance to failure
- Effect of Caffeine on LT, VT and HRVT
- Metabolic effects of caffeine ingestion and physical work in 75-year old citizens. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study
- Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance: a repeated measures design
- Acute caffeine ingestion increases voluntarily chosen resistance training load following limited sleep
- Effects of caffeine on the metabolic and catecholamine responses to exercise in 5 and 28 degrees C
- Caffeine ingestion reverses the circadian rhythm effects on neuromuscular performance in highly resistance-trained men
- Effect of two doses of caffeine on muscular function during isokinetic exercise
- Dose effect of caffeine on testosterone and cortisol responses to resistance exercise
- The effects of low-dose caffeine on perceived pain during a grip to exhaustion task
- Caffeine increases sweating sensitivity via changes in sudomotor activity during physical loading
- Effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on biological risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
- Caffeine and sprinting performance: dose responses and efficacy
- Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes
- Caffeinated chewing gum increases repeated sprint performance and augments increases in testosterone in competitive cyclists
- The effects of different doses of caffeine on endurance cycling time trial performance
- Effect of caffeine ingestion on time trial performance in cyclists: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Effect of ambient temperature on caffeine ergogenicity during endurance exercise
- The influence of a CYP1A2 polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine
- Caffeine ingestion, affect and perceived exertion during prolonged cycling
- Effect of caffeine intake on pain perception during high-intensity exercise
- Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults
- Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers.
- Caffeine enhances working memory for extraverts
- Comparing the benefits of caffeine, naps and placebo on verbal, motor and perceptual memory
- Subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of acute caffeine in light, nondependent caffeine users
- Effects of caffeine and glucose, alone and combined, on cognitive performance
- Effects of acute caffeine consumption following sleep loss on cognitive, physical, occupational and driving performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Effect of caffeine on reactive agility time when fresh and fatigued
- Effects of Nutritional Interventions on Accuracy and Reaction Time with Relevance to Mental Fatigue in Sporting, Military, and Aerospace Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Effect of caffeine on target detection and rifle marksmanship
- Association of the anxiogenic and alerting effects of caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 polymorphisms and habitual level of caffeine consumption
- Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers
- Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in humans
- Effects of caffeine on glucose tolerance: a placebo-controlled study
- Caffeine ingestion decreases glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in sedentary humans
- Caffeinated coffee does not acutely affect energy intake, appetite, or inflammation but prevents serum cortisol concentrations from falling in healthy men
- Influence of caffeine on perception of effort, metabolism and exercise performance following a high-fat meal
- Impact of acute caffeine ingestion on endothelial function in subjects with and without coronary artery disease
- Caffeine and opening the eyes have additive effects on resting arousal measures
- Effects of diurnal variation and caffeine consumption on Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) performance in healthy young adults
- Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance
- Effects of caffeine on repeated sprint ability, reactive agility time, sleep and next day performance
- Genetic determinants of blood pressure responses to caffeine drinking
- Caffeine and Physiological Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Meta-Analysis
- Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses
- Effects of acute ingestion of caffeine on team sports performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Caffeine for asthma.
- The Effect of Consuming Caffeine Before Late Afternoon/Evening Training or Competition on Sleep: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.
- The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- The Prophylactic Effect of Acetaminophen and Caffeine on Post Dural Puncture Headache after Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial.
- The Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine and Glucose Ingestion on Endurance Capacity in Hypoxia: A Double-Blind Crossover Trial.