?
Strength
26 participants
↑Improves
Magnesium
Magnesium is an essential dietary mineral that is involved in energy production, nervous system function, blood pressure regulation, and blood glucose control. A lack of magnesium in the diet — which is common in modern societies — is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other health conditions.
Quick Answer
What it is
Magnesium is an essential dietary mineral that is involved in energy production, nervous system function, blood pressure regulation, and blood glucose control. A lack of magnesium in the diet — which is common in modern societies — is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other health conditions.
Key findings
- Grade B: Blood Pressure
- Grade B: Blood glucose (Type 2 Diabetes)
- Grade B: Asthma Symptoms (Asthma)
Safety
- A lack of magnesium in the diet — which is common in modern societies — is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other health conditions.
ℹ️ Quick Facts: Magnesium
Quick Facts: Magnesium
- Best Evidence:Grade A
- Conditions Studied:40
- Research Outcomes:248
- Grade B Findings:4
- Key Effect:Constipation
Outcomes by grade:
A0
B4
C16
D12
40 conditions · 248 outcomes
Detailed Outcomes
Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
B
Blood Pressure
Moderate Improvement
2709 participants
moderate↓Improves
D
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
No effect
25 studies1928 participants
none
?
Triglycerides
1928 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
20 studies1928 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
206 participants
↑Improves
?
Magnesium Excretion
2 studies185 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
2 studies42 participants
↑Improves
?
Osteocalcin
26 participants
↑Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
385 participants
small↓Improves
?
HbA1c
7 studies473 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies302 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
302 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
1454 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
241 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1454 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies1404 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study63 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study1325 participants
↓Improves
?
Magnesium Excretion
1 study128 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study1325 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study79 participants
↓Improves
B
Asthma Symptoms
Small Improvement
478 participants
small↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
52 participants
↓Improves
B
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
234 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
543 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies234 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
234 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
2 studies234 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study155 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study79 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study155 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study155 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
155 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study155 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
334 participants
small↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
737 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
416 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
4 studies334 participants
↑Worsens
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
4 studies235 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
304 participants
↓Improves
?
Glutathione (GSH)
3 studies194 participants
↑Improves
?
Glycemic Control
3 studies304 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies304 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
3 studies142 participants
↓Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
3 studies194 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
3 studies194 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
3 studies112 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
304 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
3 studies304 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies207 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
2 studies207 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
30 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin Resistance
60 participants
↓Improves
C
Anxiety Symptoms
Small Improvement
1 study126 participants
small↓Improves
?
PMS Symptoms
311 participants
↓Improves
?
Depression Symptoms
126 participants
↓Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
108 participants
small↓Improves
?
Depression Symptoms
177 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum BDNF
2 studies154 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
154 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study108 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study108 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
79 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
79 participants
↓Improves
?
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms
97 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study79 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study79 participants
↑Improves
?
LDL Oxidation
11 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
79 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study79 participants
↓Improves
C
Bone Mineral Density
Small Improvement
44 participants
small↑Improves
?
Osteocalcin
46 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
24 participants
small↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
444 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies37 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
2 studies37 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
24 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
24 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study24 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
24 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
155 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
155 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
51 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study155 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study155 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study155 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study155 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
155 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study155 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
155 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
1 study155 participants
↓Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
100 participants
small↓Improves
?
Sleep Quality
112 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
100 participants
↑Improves
C
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
Moderate Improvement
1 study23 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
23 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study23 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Oxygenation
23 participants
↑Improves
?
Strength
26 participants
↑Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
64 participants
small↓Improves
?
Homocysteine
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
64 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
35 participants
small↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
35 participants
↓Improves
C
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
Moderate Improvement
1 study23 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
23 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study23 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Oxygenation
23 participants
↑Improves
C
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
Moderate Improvement
1 study23 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
23 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study23 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Oxygenation
23 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
86 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
86 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
86 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study86 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study86 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study86 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
86 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study86 participants
↓Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study86 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
86 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study86 participants
↓Improves
C
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
Moderate Improvement
1 study23 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
23 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study23 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Oxygenation
23 participants
↑Improves
C
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
Moderate Improvement
1 study23 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Blood glucose
23 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study23 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Oxygenation
23 participants
↑Improves
D
All-Cause Mortality
No effect
11 studies1550 participants
none
?
Atrial Fibrillation Incidence
3373 participants
↑Worsens
?
Length of hospitalization
8 studies1244 participants
↓Improves
D
Arterial Stiffness
No effect
2 studies86 participants
none
?
Vascular Function
5 studies202 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Pressure
164 participants
↓Improves
?
Combined Anxiety & Depression
1 study60 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
60 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Quality
60 participants
↑Improves
D
Cramps
No effect
38 participants
none
?
Infant Birth Weight
5 studies5577 participants
↓Improves
?
Infant Death Risk
5903 participants
↓Improves
?
Pre-Eclampsia Risk
1042 participants
↑Worsens
?
Pregnancy Complications
1158 participants
↑Improves
D
Acne Symptoms
No effect
1 study64 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
142 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
3 studies142 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies142 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
3 studies142 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
142 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
3 studies142 participants
↓Improves
?
Testosterone
166 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
3 studies142 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
142 participants
↓Improves
?
Waist circumference
3 studies142 participants
↓Improves
?
Weight
3 studies142 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood Pressure
100 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
141 participants
↑Improves
?
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
2 studies102 participants
↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
84 participants
↓Improves
?
Hair Regrowth
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
?
Luteinizing Hormone
1 study57 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study84 participants
↓Improves
?
Progesterone
1 study57 participants
↑Improves
?
Quality of Life
64 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum DHEA
1 study57 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Quality
84 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study84 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
D
Cramps
No effect
157 participants
none
?
Migraine Severity
258 participants
↓Improves
?
Migraine Frequency
3 studies189 participants
↓Improves
?
Migraine Duration
2 studies150 participants
↓Improves
?
Pre-Eclampsia Risk
157 participants
↑Worsens
D
Cortisol
No effect
18 participants
none
?
Creatine Kinase
27 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Soreness
31 participants
↓Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Exercise Recovery
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Hematocrit
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Hemoglobin
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study9 participants
↓Improves
?
Lactate Dehydrogenase
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscular Endurance
1 study22 participants
↑Improves
?
Myoglobin
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Power Output
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Rating of Perceived Exertion
1 study22 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
30 participants
↑Improves
D
Insomnia Signs and Symptoms
No effect
1 study43 participants
none
?
Serum Magnesium
56 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Duration
33 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Latency
2 studies33 participants
↓Improves
?
Restless Leg Syndrome Symptoms
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Sleep Disturbance Signs and Symptoms
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Sleep Efficiency
1 study43 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Quality
10 participants
↑Improves
D
Arterial Stiffness
No effect
1 study75 participants
none
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study75 participants
↓Improves
?
Fibromyalgia Symptoms
80 participants
↓Improves
?
Pain
75 participants
↓Improves
?
Quality of Life
75 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
75 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Quality
75 participants
↑Improves
?
Stress Signs and Symptoms
75 participants
↓Improves
D
Bilirubin
No effect
1 study52 participants
none
?
Blood glucose
52 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Homocysteine
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
?
Kidney Function
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Lactate Dehydrogenase
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
?
Osteocalcin
20 participants
↑Improves
?
Parathyroid Hormone
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Plasma Vitamin D
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Albumin
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Total cholesterol
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
?
Transferrin
52 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
52 participants
↓Improves
?
Urea
1 study52 participants
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study52 participants
↓Improves
D
Hematocrit
No effect
1 study45 participants
none
?
Hemoglobin
1 study45 participants
↑Improves
?
Total Iron Binding Capacity
1 study45 participants
↑Improves
?
Transferrin
45 participants
↑Improves
D
Insomnia Signs and Symptoms
No effect
1 study10 participants
none
?
Restless Leg Syndrome Symptoms
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Serum Magnesium
10 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Disturbance Signs and Symptoms
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Sleep Duration
10 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Efficiency
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Sleep Latency
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Sleep Quality
10 participants
↑Improves
?
Pre-Eclampsia Risk
2653 participants
↑Worsens
?
Cramps
177 participants
↓Improves
?
Constipation Signs and Symptoms
184 participants
↓Improves
?
ADHD Symptoms
15 participants
↓Improves
?
Testosterone
30 participants
↑Improves
?
Strength
26 participants
↑Improves
?
Pain
64 participants
↓Improves
?
Stress Signs and Symptoms
264 participants
↓Improves
?
Tinnitus Symptoms
19 participants
↓Improves
?
Strength
26 participants
↑Improves
Evidence by Condition
Best grade per condition (each condition may have multiple outcomes)
Research Citations (91)
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