Condition
Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication, usually appearing after 20 weeks, in which blood pressure climbs and protein shows up in the urine. Calcium and vitamin D have the strongest evidence, and reviews found a lower risk of preeclampsia with both, with moderate-sized effects. The calcium benefit looked clearest in women with low dietary calcium, while the vitamin D finding rested on a single study.
Sources: PMID 39608269; PMID 39716171
- Supplements studied
- 7
- Graded outcomes
- 4
- Trials
- 4
- People studied
- 44,509
Evidence by supplement
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Eclampsia Risk Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 4 studies | 15,730 people | ||
Studies that measured pre-eclampsia risk
| ||||||
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Eclampsia Risk Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 1 study | 5,035 people | ||
Studies that measured pre-eclampsia risk | ||||||
| Preterm Birth Risk | Changes; see studies | 6,055 people | ||||
Fish Oil
- Infant Birth Weight: improves
- Pre-Eclampsia Risk: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant Birth Weight Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 2,302 people | |||
| Pre-Eclampsia Risk | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 1,831 people | |||
Studies that measured pre-eclampsia risk | ||||||
Probiotics
- All-Cause Mortality
- Pre-Eclampsia Risk: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-Cause Mortality No effect | NoneNo effect | 1 study | 7,735 people | |||
| Pre-Eclampsia Risk | Changes; see studies | 7,735 people | ||||
Selenium
- Pre-Eclampsia Risk: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Eclampsia Risk | Changes; see studies | 3 studies | 166 people | |||
Studies that measured pre-eclampsia risk
| ||||||
Magnesium
- Pre-Eclampsia Risk: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Eclampsia Risk | Changes; see studies | 2 studies | 2,653 people | |||
Coenzyme Q10
- Pre-Eclampsia Risk: changes; see studies
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Eclampsia Risk | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 197 people | |||
Studies that measured pre-eclampsia risk | ||||||
Key findings
- Pre-Eclampsia RiskImproves (the measure goes down)
- Infant Birth WeightImproves (the measure goes down)
- All-Cause Mortality
The Preeclampsia Prevention protocol
2 primary supplements · 4 supporting supplements
- Calcium1,000–2,000 mg daily (starting before 20 weeks)
- Low-Dose Aspirin81–150 mg daily at bedtime (starting at 12–16 weeks)
Studies cited
100 studies from PubMed
- Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms and Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
- The effects of probiotic supplementation on cardiometabolic health in patients with prediabetes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment.
- Lactococcus lactis strain Plasma activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells and mitigates common cold-like symptoms in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of individual participant data.
- Effect of vitamin D supplementation for major adverse cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis based on randomised controlled trials.
- Probiotics and Immune Health: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
- Probiotics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Probiotics for Prevention and Treatment of Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Effects of Probiotics on Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
- Probiotics and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- The Gut Microbiome, Probiotics, and Their Impact on Skin Health: A Review
- Health Benefits of Probiotics: A Review
- Probiotics: Comprehensive Review of Growth Promotion Mechanisms and Action in Food Products
- Probiotics: Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition
- Safety of Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review
- Probiotics, Prebiotics and Inflammation: A Review of the Science
- Probiotics and Healthy Ageing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Optimal Vitamin D Status: Evidence and Guidelines
- Vitamin D and Cancer Prevention: A Comprehensive Review
- Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Musculoskeletal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Vitamin D and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Vitamin D and Immune Function: A Review
- Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Mortality: A Meta-Analysis
- Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy: Safety and Efficacy Review
- World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: Probiotics and Prebiotics
- Probiotics for Human Use: Current Advances and Future Perspectives
- Vitamin D Supplementation: A Comprehensive Review of Efficacy for Various Health Outcomes
- Vitamin D Deficiency: Global Health Perspective
- Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Evidence
- Vitamin D and Bone Health in Adults: A Systematic Review
- Selenium and Preeclampsia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- Vitamin D3 supplementation does not modify cardiovascular risk profile of adults with inadequate vitamin D status
- Association of A1C levels with vitamin D status in U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- A pilot study to compare fluoxetine, calcium, and placebo in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome
- Dietary calcium and manganese effects on menstrual cycle symptoms
- Calcium in milk products precipitates intestinal fatty acids and secondary bile acids and thus inhibits colonic cytotoxicity in humans
- Faecal steroid excretion in humans is affected by calcium supplementation and shows gender-specific differences
- The effect of calcium supplementation in people under 35 years old: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Calcium supplementation, bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Predictors of bone mass changes in adolescent mothers during the 6-month postpartum period
- Testosterone levels in athletes at rest and exhaustion: effects of calcium supplementation
- Effect of calcium on premenstrual syndrome: A double-blind randomized clinical trial
- Effects of calcium supplement therapy in women with premenstrual syndrome
- Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. Premenstrual Syndrome Study Group
- Calcium supplementation in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial
- Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D supplementations as complementary therapy for hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Calcium supplementation in nulliparous women for the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia and preterm birth: an Australian randomized trial. FRACOG and the ACT Study Group
- World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women
- Association Between Calcium Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems
- Risk factors associated with preeclampsia in healthy nulliparous women. The Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention (CPEP) Study Group
- Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension.
- Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes.
- Effects of Maternal Nutritional Supplements and Dietary Interventions on Placental Complications: An Umbrella Review, Meta-Analysis and Evidence Map
- Effectiveness of calcium supplementation in the prevention of gestational hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
- Calcium supplementation for people with overweight or obesity.
- Oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with migraine: Effects on clinical features and inflammatory markers
- Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial
- Effectiveness of coenzyme Q10 in prophylactic treatment of migraine headache: an open-label, add-on, controlled trial
- A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, add-on study of CoEnzyme Q10 in the prevention of pediatric and adolescent migraine
- The synergistic effects of nano-curcumin and coenzyme Q10 supplementation in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
- Oxidative stress correlates with headache symptoms in fibromyalgia: coenzyme Q₁₀ effect on clinical improvement
- Coenzyme Q10 supplementation alleviates pain in pregabalin-treated fibromyalgia patients via reducing brain activity and mitochondrial dysfunction
- Increased oxidative stress and coenzyme Q10 deficiency in juvenile fibromyalgia: amelioration of hypercholesterolemia and fatigue by ubiquinol-10 supplementation
- Coenzyme q10 regulates serotonin levels and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients: results of a small clinical trial
- Can coenzyme q10 improve clinical and molecular parameters in fibromyalgia?
- Reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction by coenzyme Q10 supplement improves endothelial function in patients with ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial
- Dose-Response Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Blood Pressure among Patients with Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
- Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of coenzyme Q10 in healthy individuals: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial
- Effects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
- Coenzyme Q10 and exercise training in chronic heart failure
- Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
- Mediterranean Diet Supplemented With Coenzyme Q10 Modifies the Expression of Proinflammatory and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Genes in Elderly Men and Women
- Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters, sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile men
- Coenzyme Q(10) supplementation in infertile men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia: an open, uncontrolled pilot study
- Effect of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress of seminal plasma: a double-blind randomised clinical trial
- Coenzyme Q10 improves seminal oxidative defense but does not affect on semen parameters in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trial
- Coenzyme Q10 administration has no effect on sICAM-1 and metabolic parameters of pediatrics with type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Clinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control and markers of lipid profiles in diabetic hemodialysis patients
- Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on serum values of adiponectin, leptin, 8-isoprostane and malondialdehyde in women with type 2 diabetes
- Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Indicators in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Coenzyme Q(10) improves endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery in Type II diabetes mellitus
- Coenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes
- Coenzyme Q10 improves endothelial dysfunction in statin-treated type 2 diabetic patients
- The effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on cardiometabolic markers in overweight type 2 diabetic patients with stable myocardial infarction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
- Influence of adjuvant Coenzyme Q10 on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with bipolar disorders during the depressive episode
- Evaluating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Augmentation on Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial
- Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in isolated diastolic heart failure in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
- Coenzyme Q10 terclatrate and creatine in chronic heart failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
- Effects of coenzyme Q10 on arterial stiffness, metabolic parameters, and fatigue in obese subjects: a double-blind randomized controlled study
- Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans
- Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Adults: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
- Postprandial antioxidant effect of the Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 in elderly men and women
- Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on liver mitochondrial function and aerobic capacity in adolescent athletes
- Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on plasma adiponectin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in men
- Efficacy and Optimal Dose of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Inflammation-Related Biomarkers: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
- Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Impact of oral ubiquinol on blood oxidative stress and exercise performance