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Supplement

Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Conjugated linoleic acid, or CLA, is a family of fatty acids in meat and dairy that appear to influence how fat cells store and release fat. People mostly look at it for weight management, but trials found no clear difference in body fat or in adiponectin, a hormone from fat tissue. The evidence is very limited, and the studies were small, with only 76 people across seven body fat studies.

Sources: PMID 19535429; PMID 16522907

Best evidence
Grade D
Conditions studied
21
Outcomes
189
Graded outcomes
00021

Evidence by condition

  • Strong
  • Moderate
  • Limited
  • Very limited

21 conditions

Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic Syndrome: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Body Fat

No effect

NoneNo effect7 studies60 people

Studies that measured body fat

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies60 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies60 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies60 people

Studies that measured weight

Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies60 people

Studies that measured glycemic control

TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)60 people

Muscle Size Strength

Muscle Size Strength: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Body Fat

No effect

NoneNo effect7 studies76 people

Studies that measured body fat

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies76 people

Studies that measured weight

Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies76 people

Studies that measured muscle mass

Muscle Size & Strength

  • Body Fat
  • Weight: changes; see studies
  • Muscle Mass: improves
Muscle Size & Strength: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Body Fat

No effect

NoneNo effect7 studies76 people

Studies that measured body fat

WeightChanges; see studies6 studies76 people

Studies that measured weight

Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies76 people

Studies that measured muscle mass

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
  • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
  • Weight: improves
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

No effect

NoneNo effect6 studies61 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies61 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies61 people

Studies that measured weight

Metabolic Health

  • Appetite
  • Adiponectin
  • Body Fat: improves
Metabolic Health: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Appetite

No effect

NoneNo effect1 study62 people

Studies that measured appetite

Adiponectin

No effect

NoneNo effect59 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies303 people

Studies that measured body fat

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies367 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies198 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies309 people
Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies278 people
Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies139 people
Blood PressureImproves (the measure goes down)2 studies35 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies2 studies132 people
Oxidative Stress BiomarkersImproves (the measure goes down)2 studies122 people
DNA DamageChanges; see studies1 study24 people
HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)1 study35 people
InflammationImproves (the measure goes down)1 study32 people
Blood glucoseImproves (the measure goes down)167 people
Cell Adhesion FactorsImproves (the measure goes down)75 people
Fat OxidationImproves (the measure goes up)23 people
InsulinChanges; see studies103 people
LeptinImproves (the measure goes up)44 people
Metabolic RateImproves (the measure goes up)183 people
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)229 people

Weight Loss & Maintenance

  • Appetite
  • Body Fat: improves
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Weight Loss & Maintenance: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Appetite

No effect

NoneNo effect1 study54 people

Studies that measured appetite

Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies652 people

Studies that measured body fat

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies53 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies53 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies559 people

Studies that measured weight

Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies456 people
Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies75 people
Blood PressureImproves (the measure goes down)2 studies35 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies2 studies134 people
HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)1 study35 people
Blood glucoseImproves (the measure goes down)187 people
Bone Mineral DensityImproves (the measure goes up)134 people
InsulinChanges; see studies53 people
Metabolic RateImproves (the measure goes up)94 people
Subjective Well-BeingImproves (the measure goes up)40 people

General Cardiovascular Health

  • Appetite
  • Body Fat: improves
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
General Cardiovascular Health: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Appetite

No effect

NoneNo effect1 study62 people

Studies that measured appetite

Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies77 people

Studies that measured body fat

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies548 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies548 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies548 people

Studies that measured weight

Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies62 people
Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies38 people
Blood PressureImproves (the measure goes down)2 studies121 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies2 studies75 people
Oxidative Stress BiomarkersImproves (the measure goes down)2 studies98 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Improves (the measure goes down)1 study416 people
InflammationImproves (the measure goes down)1 study32 people
Blood FlowImproves (the measure goes up)401 people
Blood glucoseImproves (the measure goes down)70 people
InsulinChanges; see studies94 people
Metabolic RateImproves (the measure goes up)62 people
TNF-AlphaImproves (the measure goes down)15 people
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)53 people

Immune Health

  • C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
  • Inflammation: improves
  • Interleukin 2: improves
Immune Health: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

No effect

NoneNo effect1 study63 people

Studies that measured c-reactive protein (crp)

InflammationImproves (the measure goes down)1 study61 people

Studies that measured inflammation

Interleukin 2Improves (the measure goes up)1 study10 people

Studies that measured interleukin 2

Cell Adhesion FactorsImproves (the measure goes down)53 people
Crohn's Disease SymptomsImproves (the measure goes down)10 people
Interleukin 6Improves (the measure goes down)10 people
TNF-AlphaImproves (the measure goes down)63 people

Crohn's Disease

  • C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
  • Interleukin 2: improves
  • Crohn's Disease Symptoms: improves
Crohn's Disease: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

No effect

NoneNo effect1 study10 people

Studies that measured c-reactive protein (crp)

Interleukin 2Improves (the measure goes up)1 study10 people

Studies that measured interleukin 2

Crohn's Disease SymptomsImproves (the measure goes down)10 people
Interleukin 6Improves (the measure goes down)10 people
Subjective Well-BeingImproves (the measure goes up)10 people
TNF-AlphaImproves (the measure goes down)10 people

Overweight

  • Adiponectin
  • Body Fat: improves
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Overweight: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Adiponectin

No effect

NoneNo effect110 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies283 people

Studies that measured body fat

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies65 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies15 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies353 people

Studies that measured weight

Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies204 people
Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies154 people
Blood PressureImproves (the measure goes down)2 studies115 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies2 studies65 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Improves (the measure goes down)1 study42 people
DNA DamageChanges; see studies1 study29 people
HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)1 study118 people
InflammationImproves (the measure goes down)1 study27 people
Blood glucoseImproves (the measure goes down)9 people
Fat OxidationImproves (the measure goes up)23 people
Heart RateImproves (the measure goes down)80 people
InsulinChanges; see studies9 people
LDL OxidationImproves (the measure goes down)27 people
LeptinImproves (the measure goes up)83 people
Metabolic RateImproves (the measure goes up)77 people
TNF-AlphaImproves (the measure goes down)42 people
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)Improves (the measure goes up)29 people
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)65 people

Obesity

  • Adiponectin
  • Body Fat: improves
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Obesity: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Adiponectin

No effect

NoneNo effect142 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies352 people

Studies that measured body fat

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies479 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies429 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies707 people

Studies that measured weight

Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies289 people
Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies108 people
Blood PressureImproves (the measure goes down)2 studies80 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies2 studies50 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Improves (the measure goes down)1 study449 people
DNA DamageChanges; see studies1 study29 people
HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)1 study83 people
Blood FlowImproves (the measure goes up)401 people
Heart RateImproves (the measure goes down)80 people
LeptinImproves (the measure goes up)83 people
Oxygen UptakeImproves (the measure goes up)28 people
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)Improves (the measure goes up)29 people
Total cholesterolImproves (the measure goes down)28 people
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)78 people

High Cholesterol

  • Adiponectin
  • Body Fat: improves
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
High Cholesterol: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Adiponectin

No effect

NoneNo effect27 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies27 people

Studies that measured body fat

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies146 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies96 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies163 people

Studies that measured weight

Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies27 people
Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies87 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies2 studies50 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Improves (the measure goes down)1 study62 people
HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)1 study35 people
InflammationImproves (the measure goes down)1 study27 people
Blood glucoseImproves (the measure goes down)35 people
InsulinChanges; see studies35 people
LDL OxidationImproves (the measure goes down)27 people
TNF-AlphaImproves (the measure goes down)27 people
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)50 people

Body Composition

  • Adiponectin
  • Body Fat: improves
  • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
Body Composition: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Adiponectin

No effect

NoneNo effect59 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies259 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies106 people
WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies97 people
Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies269 people
AppetiteChanges; see studies1 study62 people
Blood glucoseImproves (the measure goes down)44 people
InsulinChanges; see studies62 people
Metabolic RateImproves (the measure goes up)116 people

Type 2 Diabetes

  • Blood glucose
  • Body Fat: improves
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Type 2 Diabetes: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Blood glucose

No effect

NoneNo effect67 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies35 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies67 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies35 people
WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies35 people
Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies35 people
Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies67 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Improves (the measure goes down)1 study67 people
HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)1 study35 people
InflammationImproves (the measure goes down)1 study32 people
InsulinChanges; see studies35 people

General Athletic Performance

  • Blood glucose
  • Body Fat: improves
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
General Athletic Performance: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Blood glucose

No effect

NoneNo effect44 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies155 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies44 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies44 people
WeightImproves (the measure goes down)6 studies111 people
Muscle MassImproves (the measure goes up)5 studies76 people
Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies35 people
Blood PressureImproves (the measure goes down)2 studies35 people
HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)1 study35 people
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)44 people

Menopause

  • Blood glucose
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
  • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
Menopause: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Blood glucose

No effect

NoneNo effect35 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)6 studies110 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)6 studies35 people
Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)4 studies35 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Improves (the measure goes down)1 study35 people
HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)1 study35 people
Cell Adhesion FactorsImproves (the measure goes down)75 people
InsulinChanges; see studies35 people
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)75 people

General Liver Health

  • Kidney Function
  • Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
General Liver Health: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Kidney Function

No effect

NoneNo effect20 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies2 studies140 people

Aerobic Exercise Performance

  • Blood glucose
  • Body Fat: improves
Aerobic Exercise Performance: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Blood glucose

No effect

NoneNo effect44 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies44 people

Bone Health

  • Blood glucose
  • Body Fat: improves
  • Insulin: changes; see studies
Bone Health: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Blood glucose

No effect

NoneNo effect53 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)7 studies53 people
InsulinChanges; see studies53 people

Kidney Health

  • Kidney Function
  • Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
Kidney Health: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Kidney Function

No effect

NoneNo effect20 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies2 studies20 people

Asthma

  • Asthma Symptoms: improves
Asthma: outcomes studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Asthma SymptomsImproves (the measure goes down)1 study6 people

Key findings

  • Body FatMetabolic Syndrome
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • AppetiteMetabolic Health

Shop Conjugated Linoleic Acid

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  • Grade D

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Studies cited

45 studies from PubMed

  1. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for twelve weeks increases lean body mass in obese humansJ Nutr · PMID 17449580
  2. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese populationNutrition · PMID 22261578
  3. Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectinObesity · PMID 18356842
  4. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humansJ Nutr · PMID 11110851
  5. Dietary supplementation with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and aortic stiffness in overweight and obese adultsAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 19923377
  6. Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Associated With Aerobic Exercise on Body Fat and Lipid Profile in Obese Women: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled TrialInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · PMID 26402730
  7. Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese menAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 15277146
  8. CLA does not impair endothelial function and decreases body weight as compared with safflower oil in overweight and obese male subjectsJ Am Coll Nutr · PMID 21697535
  9. Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humansFood Chem Toxicol · PMID 15354322
  10. The effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obeseInt J Obes · PMID 17031391
  11. Eight weeks of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no effect on antioxidant status in healthy overweight/obese Korean individualsEur J Nutr · PMID 21541732
  12. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 15447895
  13. Conjugated linoleic acid versus high-oleic acid sunflower oil: effects on energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, appetite and body composition in regularly exercising individualsBr J Nutr · PMID 17381964
  14. A diet rich in conjugated linoleic acid and butter increases lipid peroxidation but does not affect atherosclerotic, inflammatory, or diabetic risk markers in healthy young menJ Nutr · PMID 18287358
  15. Effects of dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on the blood lipid profile in healthy middle-aged menAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 16600923
  16. Milk enriched with conjugated linoleic acid fails to alter blood lipids or body composition in moderately overweight, borderline hyperlipidemic individualsJ Am Coll Nutr · PMID 20679151
  17. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid, a natural trans fat from milk and meat, on human blood pressure: results from a randomized crossover feeding studyJ Hum Hypertens · PMID 21270839
  18. Diets rich in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid have no effect on blood pressure and isobaric arterial elasticity in healthy young menJ Nutr · PMID 16549463
  19. Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid peroxidation in humans: regulation by alpha-tocopherol and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitorClin Sci · PMID 12956622
  20. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic menJ Nutr · PMID 21593349
  21. Effect of a high intake of conjugated linoleic acid on lipoprotein levels in healthy human subjectsPLoS One · PMID 20140250
  22. Conjugated linoleic acid increases skeletal muscle ceramide content and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight, non-diabetic humansAppl Physiol Nutr Metab · PMID 17510671
  23. Chromium picolinate and conjugated linoleic acid do not synergistically influence diet- and exercise-induced changes in body composition and health indexes in overweight womenJ Nutr Biochem · PMID 17531459
  24. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation alters the 6-mo change in fat oxidation during sleepAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 17823448
  25. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjectsInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord · PMID 12821971
  26. Conjugated linoleic acid improves insulin sensitivity in young, sedentary humansMed Sci Sports Exerc · PMID 15126715
  27. Daily intake of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched yoghurts: effects on energy metabolism and adipose tissue gene expression in healthy subjectsBr J Nutr · PMID 17298695
  28. Cumulative effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on endurance development, body composition, serum leptin and insulin levelsJ Sports Med Phys Fitness · PMID 17119522
  29. An oil mixture with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases markers of inflammation and in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in postmenopausal womenJ Nutr · PMID 18641189
  30. The change in conjugated linoleic acid concentration in blood of Japanese fed a conjugated linoleic acid dietJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol · PMID 22293214
  31. Dietary supplementation with 11trans- and 12trans-18:1 and oxidative stress in humansAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 17093147
  32. A high intake of conjugated linoleic acid does not affect liver and kidney function tests in healthy human subjectsFood Chem Toxicol · PMID 19932729
  33. Safety of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in a 12-weeks trial in healthy overweight Japanese male volunteersJ Oleo Sci · PMID 17898458
  34. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on appetite and food intake in overweight subjectsEur J Clin Nutr · PMID 14506488
  35. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regainAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 16522907
  36. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance trainingMed Sci Sports Exerc · PMID 16531905
  37. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humansJ Nutr · PMID 15795434
  38. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humansAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 15159244
  39. The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gainInt J Obes · PMID 16924272
  40. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese childrenAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 20200257
  41. Conjugated linoleic acid modulates immune responses in patients with mild to moderately active Crohn's diseaseClin Nutr · PMID 22521469
  42. Conjugated linoleic acid increased C-reactive protein in human subjectsBr J Nutr · PMID 16277783
  43. A high intake of trans fatty acids has little effect on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in humansJ Nutr · PMID 21753062
  44. Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome componentsBr J Nutr · PMID 17623486
  45. Conjugated linoleic acid's lack of attenuation of hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic individuals in the short termInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · PMID 21411834

Protocols that include Conjugated Linoleic Acid