Immune Health
Immune health refers to the body's ability to resist potentially harmful microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria, and includes both innate and acquired immunity.
Quick Answer
What it is
Immune health refers to the body's ability to resist potentially harmful microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria, and includes both innate and acquired immunity.
Key findings
- Grade B: Inflammation Markers (Lactoferrin)
- Grade B: C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (Boron)
- Grade B: CD4+ Count (Andrographis)
Safety
No specific caution or interaction language was detected in the current summary/outcome notes.
ℹ️ Quick Facts
Quick Facts: Immune Health
- Supplements Studied:56
- Research Trials:123
- Total Participants:19,979
- Top Supplement:Andrographis (B)
123 trials
19,979 participantsppts
56 supps · 409 outcomes
Evidence-Based Protocol
Supplement stack ranked by research quality
Primary Stack (Tier 1)
2000-4000 IU daily (target 40-60 ng/mL)
Activates antimicrobial peptide production (cathelicidin, defensins) and modulates T-cell and macrophage function
25 studies | 11,000 participants
ZincA
15-30mg dailyEssential cofactor for immune cell development, supports thymulin activity and T-lymphocyte proliferation
18 studies | 4,200 participants
Supporting Stack (Tier 2)
500-1000mg daily
Enhances neutrophil function, supports epithelial barrier integrity, and provides antioxidant protection during immune response
29 studies | 11,300 participants
300-600mg daily (standardized extract)
Anthocyanins enhance cytokine production and have direct antiviral activity against influenza
5 studies | 550 participants
How It Works
Your immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that defend against pathogens. Key players include white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages), antibodies, and various signaling molecules (cytokines). Nutritional deficiencies can impair immune function, making you more susceptible to infections.
•Vitamin D is crucial for immune function. It activates antimicrobial peptides—your body's natural antibiotics—and helps regulate the balance between fighting infection and preventing excessive inflammation. Deficiency is extremely common and associated with increased infection risk. A landmark meta-analysis showed vitamin D supplementation reduced respiratory infections by 12% overall, and by 42% in severely deficient individuals.
•Zinc is essential for immune cell development and function. It's required for the activity of over 300 enzymes, including those critical for immune response. Zinc deficiency impairs both innate and adaptive immunity. Supplementation has been shown to reduce infection rates, particularly in elderly populations.
•Vitamin C supports multiple aspects of immunity: it enhances neutrophil killing of pathogens, supports the skin and mucosal barriers, and protects immune cells from oxidative damage during the respiratory burst. While it may not prevent colds in everyone, it reduces severity and duration.
•Elderberry has direct antiviral properties and stimulates the immune system to produce more cytokines. Studies show it can reduce the duration and severity of colds and flu.
Expected timeline: Vitamin D takes 2-3 months to optimize levels. Zinc and vitamin C support occurs within days to weeks. Elderberry is most effective when started at the first sign of illness.
Generated from peer-reviewed researchSchema v2.0
Supplements for Immune Health
Sorted by strength of evidence
Detailed Outcomes
Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
B
Inflammation Markers
Moderate Decrease
8 studies1200 participants
moderate↓Improves
B
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Moderate Decrease
3 studies178 participants
moderate↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study90 participants
none
?
Interleukin 6
2 studies170 participants
↑Worsens
?
Cortisol
1 study8 participants
↑Worsens
?
DHT
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
1 study80 participants
↑Worsens
?
Estrogen
1 study8 participants
↑Worsens
?
Free Testosterone
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study90 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study8 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 1-alpha
1 study80 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 1-beta
1 study90 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study90 participants
↑Worsens
?
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
1 study90 participants
↑Improves
?
Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms
1 study80 participants
↑Worsens
?
Testosterone
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study80 participants
↑Worsens
?
Triglycerides
1 study90 participants
↑Worsens
B
CD4+ Count
Significant increase in CD4+ counts; enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity (45%)
1 study30 participants
moderate↑Improves
B
Antioxidant Status
Phase I clinical study in healthy volunteers: Triphala supplementation significantly increased SOD activity and decreased MDA and protein carbonyl concentrations. Rich in vitamin C, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids. Free radical-scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid.
moderate↑Improves
B
Mast Cell Inhibition
In vitro studies: Luteolin significantly more potent than cromolyn (standard mast cell stabilizer) at inhibiting release of histamine, tryptase, MMP-9, VEGF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF from human mast cells. Effective at concentrations achievable with oral supplementation.
large↑Improves
C
Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Reduction
Inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 secretion at nanomolar concentrations
3 studies90 participants
moderate↓Worsens
D
Macrophage Activation Suppression
Inhibition of LPS-induced cytokine synthesis and CD86 expression
2 studies60 participants
moderate↓Worsens
C
Basophil Count
Small Decrease
1 study89 participants
small↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study89 participants
↑Improves
?
Eosinophil count
1 study89 participants
↑Worsens
?
HbA1c
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Immunoglobulin A
1 study89 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin G
1 study89 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin M
1 study89 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 10
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study89 participants
↑Worsens
?
Monocyte Count
1 study89 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study89 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Red Blood Cell Count
1 study89 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study64 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study64 participants
↑Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study89 participants
↑Improves
C
5-HEPE
Moderate Increase
1 study50 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Inflammation
4 studies276 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
3 studies61 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3 studies135 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
3 studies155 participants
↑Improves
?
T Cell Count
3 studies185 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
3 studies135 participants
↓Improves
?
B Cell Count
2 studies139 participants
↑Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies221 participants
↓Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies110 participants
↓Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Activity
2 studies139 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
2 studies63 participants
↓Improves
?
5-HETE
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Blood Flow
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 2
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Leukotriene B4
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Leukotriene B5
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study46 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Function
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
C
Allergy Symptoms
Large Improvement
1 study75 participants
large↓Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
2 studies150 participants
↑Improves
?
Eosinophil count
1 study75 participants
↑Worsens
?
Nasal Congestion
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Increase
1 study28 participants
small↓Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study28 participants
none
?
Immunity
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin A
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin G
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
Intestinal Permeability
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study28 participants
↓Improves
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk
1 study84 participants
↑Worsens
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Moderate Decrease
1 study36 participants
moderate↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
1 study36 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study36 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
?
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1
1 study36 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study36 participants
↓Improves
C
Blood glucose
Small Improvement
1 study28 participants
small↓Improves
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk
6 studies1159 participants
↑Worsens
?
Cortisol
5 studies93 participants
↓Improves
?
Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression
5 studies93 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
2 studies40 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
2 studies30 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Damage
2 studies30 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2 studies56 participants
↓Improves
?
Plasma Vitamin C
2 studies56 participants
↑Improves
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms
2 studies474 participants
↓Improves
?
Exercise-Induced Oxidation
1 study16 participants
↑Worsens
?
IL-1Ra
1 study28 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study28 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interferon Gamma
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 10
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 2
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study28 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 8
1 study28 participants
↑Worsens
?
Lymphocyte Count
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Monocyte Count
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study28 participants
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study28 participants
↓Improves
C
White Blood Cell Count
Small Increase
1 study4 participants
small↑Improves
C
Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression
Small Improvement
1 study25 participants
small↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin A
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
C
Body Fat
Small Decrease
1 study165 participants
small↓Improves
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk
2 studies152 participants
↑Worsens
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms
2 studies68 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 5
1 study30 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
1 study165 participants
↓Improves
?
Metabolic Rate
1 study165 participants
↑Improves
?
Parathyroid Hormone
1 study165 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study165 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
1 study165 participants
↓Improves
?
Tuberculosis Symptoms
1 study120 participants
↓Improves
C
Immunity
Small Improvement
1 study5 participants
small↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Activity
1 study5 participants
↑Improves
C
COPD Symptoms
Small Improvement
1 study20 participants
small↓Improves
?
Neutrophil Activity
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Small Decrease
1 study30 participants
small↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
C
CD3 Lymphocytes
Small Increase
1 study40 participants
small↑Improves
C
CD4 Lymphocytes
Small Increase
1 study40 participants
small↑Improves
?
Immunity
3 studies97 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Activity
1 study34 participants
↑Improves
?
Proteinuria
1 study14 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study34 participants
↓Improves
C
Anxiety Symptoms
Small Improvement
1 study12 participants
small↓Improves
?
Granulocyte Count
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Interferon Gamma
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 10
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 2
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 4
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Stress Signs and Symptoms
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Treg Cells
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
C
Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression
Small Improvement
1 study32 participants
small↑Improves
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk
1 study32 participants
↑Worsens
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
C
Immunity
Small Improvement
1 study24 participants
small↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Small Increase
1 study78 participants
small↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
3 studies206 participants
↓Improves
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies128 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 2
2 studies114 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies128 participants
↓Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
2 studies40 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
2 studies156 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies128 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
CD8 Lymphocytes
1 study19 participants
↑Improves
?
Complement Component 3
1 study78 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin A
1 study78 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin G
1 study78 participants
↑Improves
?
Insulin
1 study50 participants
↑Worsens
?
Insulin Resistance
1 study50 participants
↓Improves
?
Interferon Gamma
1 study36 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 4
1 study36 participants
↑Improves
?
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
1 study78 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Activity
1 study21 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study78 participants
↓Improves
?
Red Blood Cell Count
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
T Cell Count
1 study19 participants
↑Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study50 participants
↑Improves
?
Treg Cells
1 study19 participants
↑Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
C
Blood Flow
Small Increase
1 study30 participants
small↑Improves
?
Body Fat
1 study75 participants
↓Improves
?
Muscle Mass
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
?
Myeloperoxidase
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study75 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study30 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Moderate Increase
1 study45 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Functionality in Elderly or Injured
1 study45 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study45 participants
↑Worsens
C
Allergy Symptoms
Large Improvement
1 study75 participants
large↓Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
2 studies150 participants
↑Improves
?
Eosinophil count
1 study75 participants
↑Worsens
?
Nasal Congestion
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study75 participants
↑Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Moderate Increase
1 study38 participants
moderate↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
54 studies3364 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
49 studies3048 participants
↓Improves
?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
49 studies2789 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
30 studies1716 participants
↓Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
21 studies1329 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
17 studies1005 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
17 studies1025 participants
↓Improves
?
HbA1c
15 studies1196 participants
↓Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
9 studies529 participants
↑Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study38 participants
↓Improves
?
Myeloperoxidase
1 study38 participants
↑Improves
?
Nitric Oxide
1 study38 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study38 participants
↓Improves
C
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Moderate Increase
1 study52 participants
moderate↑Improves
C
Natural Killer Cell Activity
Small Increase
1 study52 participants
small↑Improves
C
Fat Oxidation
Small Increase
1 study31 participants
small↑Improves
D
Heart Rate
No effect
1 study31 participants
none
?
Immunity
2 studies62 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxygen Uptake
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
C
B Cell Count
Small Decrease
1 study42 participants
small↓Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
3 studies104 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2 studies82 participants
↑Worsens
?
DNA Damage
2 studies71 participants
↑Worsens
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies69 participants
↑Improves
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies69 participants
↑Worsens
?
Lymphocyte Count
2 studies64 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
2 studies64 participants
↑Improves
?
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
2 studies69 participants
↑Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies69 participants
↑Worsens
?
White Blood Cell Count
2 studies64 participants
↑Improves
?
Basophil Count
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Bilirubin
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Blood glucose
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Eosinophil count
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Estrogen
1 study29 participants
↑Worsens
?
Fibrinogen
1 study29 participants
↑Improves
?
Hematocrit
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Hemoglobin
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study44 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interferon Gamma
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 2
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
?
Monocyte Count
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Muscle Damage
1 study35 participants
↑Worsens
?
Natural Killer Cell Activity
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study40 participants
↑Worsens
?
Red Blood Cell Count
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Albumin
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum Platelets
1 study35 participants
↑Improves
?
T Cell Count
1 study42 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study42 participants
↑Worsens
?
Uric Acid
1 study40 participants
↑Worsens
D
CD4 Lymphocytes
No effect
2 studies34 participants
none
?
Early Virologic Response
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study17 participants
↑Worsens
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
2 studies63 participants
none
?
TNF-Alpha
2 studies63 participants
↓Improves
?
Cell Adhesion Factors
1 study53 participants
↓Improves
?
Crohn's Disease Symptoms
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study61 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 2
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
2 studies52 participants
none
D
B Cell Count
No effect
1 study138 participants
none
?
Immunoglobulin A
5 studies135 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin G
4 studies100 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin M
3 studies70 participants
↑Improves
?
Cortisol
2 studies18 participants
↓Improves
?
IGF-1
2 studies39 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
2 studies150 participants
↑Improves
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk
2 studies78 participants
↑Worsens
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms
2 studies78 participants
↓Improves
?
Vaccine Augmentation
2 studies156 participants
↑Improves
?
CD4 Lymphocytes
1 study138 participants
↑Improves
?
CD8 Lymphocytes
1 study138 participants
↑Improves
?
Diarrhea Symptoms
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Growth Hormone
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunity
1 study138 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin E
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Interferon Gamma
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 1-alpha
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 10
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 6
1 study9 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 8
1 study9 participants
↑Worsens
?
Intestinal Parasites
1 study20 participants
↑Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
Macrophage Activity
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
T Cell Count
1 study138 participants
↑Improves
?
Testosterone
1 study9 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study9 participants
↓Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study12 participants
↑Improves
D
B Cell Count
No effect
2 studies58 participants
none
?
Natural Killer Cell Activity
2 studies58 participants
↑Improves
?
T Cell Count
2 studies58 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study46 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study46 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study12 participants
↓Improves
D
B Cell Count
No effect
1 study24 participants
none
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
5 studies296 participants
↓Improves
?
Interleukin 6
4 studies296 participants
↓Improves
?
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
3 studies296 participants
↑Worsens
?
sE-Selectin
3 studies296 participants
↑Improves
?
Vascular Adhesion Protein-1
3 studies296 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Activity
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Activity
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
T Cell Count
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study24 participants
↑Improves
D
Interleukin 6
No effect
1 study15 participants
none
?
Intestinal Permeability
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study15 participants
↓Improves
D
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
No effect
1 study13 participants
none
?
Chemotaxis
1 study13 participants
↑Worsens
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study13 participants
↑Worsens
D
B Cell Count
No effect
1 study84 participants
none
?
CD4 Lymphocytes
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
CD8 Lymphocytes
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
Mood
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
?
T Cell Count
1 study84 participants
↑Improves
D
Blood glucose
No effect
1 study18 participants
none
?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
2 studies28 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
2 studies28 participants
↑Worsens
?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
2 studies28 participants
↓Improves
?
Triglycerides
2 studies28 participants
↓Improves
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
Glycemic Control
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
HbA1c
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
HIV Viral Load
1 study10 participants
↑Improves
?
Red Blood Cell Count
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Serum T4
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study10 participants
↓Improves
?
Uric Acid
1 study18 participants
↓Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
1 study18 participants
↑Improves
D
B Cell Count
No effect
1 study53 participants
none
?
Immunity
3 studies281 participants
↑Improves
?
Interferon Gamma
3 studies322 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 4
3 studies322 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin G
2 studies140 participants
↑Improves
?
Interleukin 2
2 studies193 participants
↑Improves
?
Vaccine Augmentation
2 studies196 participants
↑Improves
?
White Blood Cell Count
2 studies120 participants
↑Improves
?
CD4 Lymphocytes
1 study53 participants
↑Improves
?
CD8 Lymphocytes
1 study53 participants
↑Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin A
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin M
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study32 participants
↑Worsens
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study53 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Prostaglandin E2
1 study32 participants
↓Improves
?
Red Blood Cell Count
1 study32 participants
↑Improves
D
Body Fat
No effect
1 study15 participants
none
?
Immunity
1 study15 participants
↑Improves
?
Vaccine Augmentation
1 study117 participants
↑Improves
D
DNA Damage
No effect
1 study17 participants
none
?
Immunity
1 study17 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study17 participants
↑Worsens
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study17 participants
↓Improves
D
B Cell Count
No effect on B cell count
1 study46 participants
none
?
Natural Killer Cell Activity
1 study46 participants
↑Improves
?
Natural Killer Cell Content
1 study46 participants
↑Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study46 participants
↑Worsens
?
T Cell Count
1 study46 participants
↑Improves
D
Adiponectin
No effect
1 study80 participants
none
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study80 participants
↓Improves
?
Immunoglobulin A
1 study38 participants
↑Improves
?
Liver Enzymes
1 study80 participants
↑Worsens
?
Peak power output (PPO)
1 study38 participants
↑Improves
D
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
No effect
1 study14 participants
none
?
Cortisol
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Exercise-Induced Oxidation
1 study14 participants
↑Worsens
?
Fat Oxidation
1 study14 participants
↑Improves
?
Heart Rate
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study14 participants
↑Worsens
?
Interleukin 6
1 study14 participants
↓Improves
?
Neutrophil Activity
1 study14 participants
↑Improves
?
Neutrophil Count
1 study14 participants
↑Improves
D
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
No effect
1 study25 participants
none
?
Muscle Damage
2 studies50 participants
↑Worsens
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
Creatinine
1 study25 participants
↑Improves
?
Fatigue Symptoms
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study25 participants
↓Improves
D
B Cell Count
No effect
1 study31 participants
none
?
Immunity
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Immunoglobulin A
1 study23 participants
↑Improves
?
Lymphocyte Count
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Monocyte Count
1 study31 participants
↑Improves
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk
2 studies100 participants
↑Worsens
?
Inflammation
1 study20 participants
↓Improves
?
Blood glucose
Small Detriment
1 study33 participants
small
?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
1 study33 participants
↓Improves
?
Cortisol
1 study33 participants
↓Improves
?
Immunity
1 study69 participants
↑Improves
?
Inflammation
1 study33 participants
↓Improves
?
Insulin
1 study33 participants
↑Worsens
?
Testosterone
1 study33 participants
↑Improves
?
Erythema
1 study8 participants
↑Improves
?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk
1 study116 participants
↑Worsens
?
Muscle Mass
1 study40 participants
↑Improves
?
TNF-Alpha
1 study45 participants
↓Improves
?
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1 study33 participants
↑Worsens
?
Immunity
1 study16 participants
↑Improves
Research Citations (7)
Related Conditions
Metabolic Health
37 shared supplements · 975 outcomes
Research on metabolism, blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic syndrome.
29 shared supplements · outcomes
Type 2 Diabetes
28 shared supplements · 868 outcomes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease in which blood glucose levels are too high. It is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and pancreas cells and an inability of the pancreas to manufacture enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. T2D is strongly associated with excess body fat, and weight loss induced by lifestyle changes is extremely effective for treating T2D.
High Cholesterol
25 shared supplements · 553 outcomes
High amounts of low-density lipoproteins cause fatty plaques to build up in the arteries, which restricts blood flow and can cause health problems like a heart attack. Lifestyle factors (e.g., poor diet, smoking) and genetics play a huge role in blood cholesterol levels.
General Athletic Performance
25 shared supplements · 656 outcomes
General athletic performance refers to an individual's ability to perform in various sports and physical activities, including strength, speed, endurance, and agility.
Aerobic Exercise Performance
21 shared supplements · 324 outcomes
Aerobic exercise performance refers to an individual's ability to perform aerobic exercise, which is determined by physiological factors such as VO2max, lactate threshold, and exercise efficiency.
High Blood Pressure
20 shared supplements · 393 outcomes
High blood pressure is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. High blood pressure is often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, although it can result from other medical conditions as well.
Obesity
19 shared supplements · 525 outcomes
Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used. Obesity treatment usually involves restricting the calories eaten or creating a negative calorie balance.