Condition

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, especially CD4 T cells, though antiretroviral therapy has made it a manageable long-term condition. Research has looked mostly at multivitamin-multimineral formulas, where the evidence is strong, and selenium, where it is moderate, because deficiencies are common in HIV. In one small trial of people whose CD4 counts had responded poorly, adding bovine colostrum to therapy meant CD4 counts went up. Most other findings come from small studies.

Sources: PMID 21930607

Updated 30 September 2026
How we grade
100 studies cited
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) protocol

Supplements studied: 14
Graded outcomes: 13
Trials: 20
People studied: 1,059

Evidence by supplement

Strong
Moderate
Limited
Very limited

14 supplements

Colostrum

Colostrum: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	CD4 Lymphocytes Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	200 people
Studies that measured cd4 lymphocytes Intensification of antiretroviral therapy with raltegravir or addition of hyperimmune bovine colostrum in HIV-infected patients with suboptimal CD4+ T-cell response: a randomized controlled trialJ Infect Dis · PMID 21930607
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	121 people
Studies that measured weight The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and womenNutrition · PMID 11312068 Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young menEur J Appl Physiol · PMID 14504943 Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-like growth factor IJ Sports Sci · PMID 12848392 and 2 more on the Colostrum page
	Diarrhea Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	188 people
Studies that measured diarrhea symptoms Lack of prophylactic efficacy of an enteric-coated bovine hyperimmune milk product against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge administered during a standard mealJ Infect Dis · PMID 10558970 Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in patients with AIDSJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol · PMID 8948373 Treatment of diarrhoea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrumClin Investig · PMID 1392428
	Hemoglobin	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	30 people
Studies that measured hemoglobin Bovine colostrum supplementation does not affect plasma buffer capacity or haemoglobin content in elite female rowersEur J Appl Physiol · PMID 14685867
	Fatigue Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)			127 people
	Fecal Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			24 people
	HIV Viral Load	Improves (the measure goes up)			73 people

Chromium

Chromium: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	6 studies	46 people
Studies that measured blood glucose Effects of acute chromium supplementation on postprandial metabolism in healthy young menJ Am Coll Nutr · 2004 · PMID 15310739 Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysisBiol Trace Elem Res · PMID 33783683 Beneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical studyJ Trace Elem Med Biol · PMID 26302914 and 3 more on the Chromium page
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		12 studies	46 people
Studies that measured weight Chromium picolinate supplementation in women: effects on body weight, composition, and iron statusNutrition · PMID 17291720 Effect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and womenMetabolism · PMID 10337851 Chromium supplementation shortens QTc interval duration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm Heart J · PMID 15990745 and 9 more on the Chromium page
	Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		9 studies	54 people
Studies that measured glycemic control The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, and plasma chromium in elderly subjectsAm J Clin Nutr · 1985 · PMID 3898805 Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care · PMID 16873787 Chromium treatment has no effect in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care · PMID 17303791 and 6 more on the Chromium page
	HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	46 people
Studies that measured hba1c Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Am Coll Nutr · PMID 11444416 Lack of effect of chromium supplementation on mental state and body weight in people with schizophreniaJ Clin Psychopharmacol · PMID 16974208 Chromium picolinate does not improve key features of metabolic syndrome in obese nondiabetic adultsMetab Syndr Relat Disord · PMID 19422140 and 1 more on the Chromium page
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	46 people
Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl) Effect of supplementation with chromium picolinate on antibody titers to 5-hydroxymethyl uracilEur J Epidemiol · PMID 9794131
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	46 people
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	46 people
	Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)			46 people
	CD4 Lymphocytes	Improves (the measure goes up)			8 people
	HIV Viral Load	Improves (the measure goes up)			8 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			46 people

Cannabis

Analgesic Use: improves
Ghrelin: improves
Leptin: improves

Cannabis: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Analgesic Use Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	4 studies	34 people
Studies that measured analgesic use Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trialNeuropsychopharmacology · PMID 18688212 Nabiximols for opioid-treated cancer patients with poorly-controlled chronic pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, graded-dose trialJ Pain · PMID 22483680 Sativex oromucosal spray as adjunctive therapy in advanced cancer patients with chronic pain unalleviated by optimized opioid therapy: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 studiesBr J Pain · PMID 28785408 and 1 more on the Cannabis page
	Ghrelin	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	7 people
Studies that measured ghrelin Effects of oral, smoked, and vaporized cannabis on endocrine pathways related to appetite and metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory studyTransl Psychiatry · PMID 32075958 Effect of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on subjective and metabolic hormone responses to food stimuli and food intake in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled studyAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 30949710
	Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	7 people
Studies that measured leptin A pilot study of the effects of cannabis on appetite hormones in HIV-infected adult menBrain Res · PMID 22133305
	Lymphocyte Count	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	62 people
Studies that measured lymphocyte count Short-term effects of cannabinoids on immune phenotype and function in HIV-1-infected patientsJ Clin Pharmacol · PMID 12412840
	B Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			62 people
	CD4 Lymphocytes	Improves (the measure goes up)			62 people
	CD8 Lymphocytes	Improves (the measure goes up)			62 people
	Natural Killer Cell Activity	Improves (the measure goes up)			62 people
	Natural Killer Cell Content	Improves (the measure goes up)			62 people
	Peptide YY (PYY)	Improves (the measure goes up)			7 people

Spirulina

Glycemic Control: improves
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC): improves
Superoxide Dismutase Activity: improves

Spirulina: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Glycemic Control Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	33 people
Studies that measured glycemic control The effect of Spirulina platensis versus soybean on insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients: a randomized pilot studyNutrients · PMID 22254118
	Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	259 people
Studies that measured total antioxidant capacity (tac) Wheat grass supplementation decreases oxidative stress in healthy subjects: a comparative study with spirulinaJ Altern Complement Med · 2007 · PMID 17983333 Spirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsInt J Clin Pract · PMID 34235823
	Superoxide Dismutase Activity	Improves (the measure goes up)			184 people

Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid

Apolipoprotein B: improves
HbA1c: improves
Total cholesterol: improves

Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Apolipoprotein B Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		10 people
	HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	10 people
Studies that measured hba1c Lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapyEur J Clin Invest · PMID 15473896
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	10 people
Studies that measured total cholesterol Anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects of the modified fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid in psoriasis--a pilot studyScand J Clin Lab Invest · PMID 21338276
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	10 people
Studies that measured weight Tetradecylthioacetic acid attenuates dyslipidaemia in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, possibly by dual PPAR-alpha/delta activation and increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidationDiabetes Obes Metab · PMID 19267708
	Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
	HIV Viral Load	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
	Kidney Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
	Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			10 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people
	TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people

Policosanol

High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
Total cholesterol: improves

Policosanol: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		54 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		10 studies	54 people
Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl) Effect of sugar cane policosanol on lipid profile in primary hypercholesterolemiaPhytother Res · PMID 18167048 Efficacy and tolerability of policosanol in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal womenInt J Clin Pharmacol Res · PMID 11708573 Lack of cholesterol-lowering efficacy of Cuban sugar cane policosanols in hypercholesterolemic personsAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 17093150 and 7 more on the Policosanol page
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	54 people
Studies that measured total cholesterol Effects of policosanol (10 mg/d) versus aspirin (100 mg/d) in patients with intermittent claudication: a 10-week, randomized, comparative studyAngiology · PMID 18388038 Policosanol for managing human immunodeficiency virus-related dyslipidemia in a medically underserved population: a randomized, controlled clinical trialAltern Ther Health Med · PMID 21717822 Effects of policosanol 20 versus 40 mg/day in the treatment of patients with type II hypercholesterolemia: a 6-month double-blind studyInt J Clin Pharmacol Res · PMID 11708574

Fish Oil

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Triglycerides: improves
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves

Fish Oil: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP) No effect		NoneNo effect	4 studies	51 people
Studies that measured c-reactive protein (crp) Intake of n-3 fatty acids from fish does not lower serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr · PMID 15100717 The effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein: a dose-response studyBr J Nutr · PMID 12654170 Effect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on markers of platelet and endothelial function in patients with peripheral arterial diseaseAtherosclerosis · PMID 22296885 and 1 more on the Fish Oil page
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		24 studies	51 people
Studies that measured triglycerides Effects of a Small Quantity of omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in NIDDM. A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Controlled StudyDiabetes Care · PMID 8112187 Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysisInt J Cardiol · PMID 18774613 Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyClin Ther · PMID 17825687 and 21 more on the Fish Oil page
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		7 studies	51 people
Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl) Combined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic personsMed Sci Sports Exerc · PMID 2691812 Dietary fish oil decreases C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and triacylglycerol to HDL-cholesterol ratio in postmenopausal women on HRTJ Nutr Biochem · PMID 14505813 Supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-rac alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteersMetabolism · PMID 14767877 and 4 more on the Fish Oil page
	Cell Adhesion Factors	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	51 people
Studies that measured cell adhesion factors Influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on soluble cellular adhesion molecules as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in young healthy subjectsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis · PMID 18420395 Influence of age and dietary fish oil on plasma soluble adhesion molecule concentrationsClin Sci · PMID 11115423
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	51 people
Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl) Effects of dietary modification and fish oil supplementation on dyslipoproteinemia in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosusJ Rheumatol · PMID 7562770
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			51 people

DHEA

Bone Mineral Density
Muscle Mass: improves
Subjective Well-Being: improves

DHEA: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Bone Mineral Density No effect		NoneNo effect	2 studies	40 people
Studies that measured bone mineral density Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on bone mineral density, bone markers, and body composition in older adults: the DAWN trialOsteoporos Int · PMID 18084691 A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of DHEA supplementation of bone mineral density in healthy adults.Gynecol Endocrinol · PMID 31237150
	Muscle Mass	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	40 people
Studies that measured muscle mass Oral dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in older adults: effects on central adiposity, glucose metabolism and blood lipidsClin Endocrinol · PMID 21521341 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) effects on HIV replication and host immunity: a randomized placebo-controlled studyAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · PMID 17263636
	Subjective Well-Being	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	40 people
Studies that measured subjective well-being Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on cognitive function and quality of life: the DHEA and Well-Ness (DAWN) TrialJ Am Geriatr Soc · PMID 18482290

King of Bitters

CD4 Lymphocytes
Early Virologic Response: improves
Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies

King of Bitters: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	CD4 Lymphocytes No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	34 people
Studies that measured cd4 lymphocytes A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteersPhytother Res · PMID 10925397
	Early Virologic Response	Improves (the measure goes up)			17 people
	Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			17 people

Guduchi

CD4 Lymphocytes
Eosinophil count: changes; see studies
HIV Symptoms: improves

Guduchi: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Outcome	Effect	Size	People
CD4 Lymphocytes No effect		NoneNo effect	68 people
Eosinophil count	Changes; see studies		68 people
HIV Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)		68 people
Neutrophil Count	Improves (the measure goes up)		68 people
T Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)		68 people

Alanylglutamine

CD4 Lymphocytes
HIV Viral Load: improves
Intestinal Permeability: improves

Alanylglutamine: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	CD4 Lymphocytes No effect		NoneNo effect		37 people
	HIV Viral Load	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	37 people
Studies that measured hiv viral load Improvement of intestinal permeability with alanyl-glutamine in HIV patients: a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trialArq Gastroenterol · PMID 23657308
	Intestinal Permeability	Improves (the measure goes up)			37 people
	Weight	Changes; see studies			37 people

Guduchi

CD4 Lymphocytes
HIV Symptoms: improves
Eosinophil count: changes; see studies

Guduchi: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	CD4 Lymphocytes No effect		NoneNo effect		68 people
	HIV Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	68 people
Studies that measured hiv symptoms Immunomodulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract in human immuno-deficiency virus positive patientsIndian J Pharmacol · PMID 20040936
	Eosinophil count	Changes; see studies			68 people
	Neutrophil Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			68 people
	T Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			68 people

Lactobacillus reuteri

Bilirubin
Blood Pressure: improves
Heart Rate: improves

Lactobacillus reuteri: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Bilirubin No effect		NoneNo effect		39 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	39 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	39 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	39 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			39 people
Kidney Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			39 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			39 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			39 people
Lymphocyte Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			39 people
Monocyte Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			39 people
Neutrophil Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			39 people
Red Blood Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			39 people
Serum Platelets	Improves (the measure goes up)			39 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			39 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			39 people
White Blood Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			39 people

Alpha-Lipoic Acid

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: changes; see studies

Alpha-Lipoic Acid: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Changes; see studies		4 studies	33 people

Key findings

CD4 LymphocytesColostrumImproves (the measure goes up)
Blood glucoseChromiumImproves (the measure goes down)
Analgesic UseCannabisImproves (the measure goes down)

The HIV/AIDS Nutritional Support protocol

2 primary supplements · 5 supporting supplements

Multivitamin/MultimineralHigh-potency multivitamin daily
Selenium200 mcg daily

See the full protocol

Studies cited

100 studies from PubMed

Effects of spirulina and wakame consumption on intestinal cholesterol absorption and serum lipid concentrations in non-hypercholesterolemic adult men and womenEur J Nutr, 2020 · PMID 31388739
Chromium in PCOS: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisClin Endocrinol, 2019 · PMID 30545267
Spirulina in Health and Disease Prevention: A Comprehensive ReviewInt J Mol Sci, 2019 · PMID 30748114
Chromium Supplementation and Metabolic Diseases: Evidence from Clinical TrialsJ Trace Elem Med Biol, 2018 · PMID 29691313
Effects of Chromium Supplementation on Body Composition: A Systematic ReviewBiol Trace Elem Res, 2018 · PMID 30127633
Safety of Chromium Supplementation: Evidence from Clinical StudiesBiol Trace Elem Res, 2018 · PMID 29851414
Spirulina Supplementation and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-AnalysisPhytother Res, 2018 · PMID 29633990
Spirulina and Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic ReviewJ Med Food, 2018 · PMID 30315870
Spirulina (Arthrospira): Nutritional Value and Health EffectsEvid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2018 · PMID 29405131
Spirulina and Immune Function: A Systematic ReviewAutoimmun Rev, 2018 · PMID 30177301
Safety Assessment of Spirulina (Arthrospira) as a Dietary SupplementComplement Ther Med, 2018 · PMID 29695109
Effects of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisDiabetes Care, 2017 · PMID 28425499
Chromium and Insulin Sensitivity: A Review of MechanismsJ Trace Elem Med Biol, 2017 · PMID 29166934
Chromium Supplementation in Depression and Mood Disorders: A ReviewNutr Neurosci, 2017 · PMID 28212054
Chromium Supplementation and Glycemic Control in Diabetes: An Updated ReviewIndian J Endocrinol Metab, 2017 · PMID 28586871
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Spirulina on Cardiovascular Risk FactorsClin Nutr, 2017 · PMID 28182098
Effects of Spirulina on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisMedicine, 2017 · PMID 28849409
Chromium Picolinate in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized TrialsNutr Res, 2016 · PMID 27472929
Chromium Effects on Blood Pressure: A Meta-AnalysisJ Hypertens, 2016 · PMID 27725073
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Spirulina: Evidence from Clinical StudiesCardiovasc Ther, 2016 · PMID 27259333
Effects of Spirulina on Body Weight and Blood Glucose: A Meta-AnalysisClin Nutr ESPEN, 2016 · PMID 27507219
Effect of Spirulina maxima on postprandial lipemia in young runners: a preliminary reportJ Med Food, 2012 · PMID 22738038
Wheat grass supplementation decreases oxidative stress in healthy subjects: a comparative study with spirulinaJ Altern Complement Med, 2007 · PMID 17983333
Effects of acute chromium supplementation on postprandial metabolism in healthy young menJ Am Coll Nutr, 2004 · PMID 15310739
The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, and plasma chromium in elderly subjectsAm J Clin Nutr, 1985 · PMID 3898805
Effects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older menJ Appl Physiol, 1985 · PMID 9887110
Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on immune variables in highly trained cyclistsJ Appl Physiol, 1985 · PMID 17095643
IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during trainingJ Appl Physiol, 1985 · PMID 12133885
Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-I, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during trainingJ Appl Physiol, 1985 · PMID 9338422
Improvement of intestinal permeability with alanyl-glutamine in HIV patients: a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trialArq Gastroenterol · PMID 23657308
Examination of the efficacy of acute L-alanyl-L-glutamine ingestion during hydration stress in endurance exerciseJ Int Soc Sports Nutr · PMID 20181080
L-alanyl-L-glutamine ingestion maintains performance during a competitive basketball gameJ Int Soc Sports Nutr · PMID 22397703
L-glutamine absorption is enhanced after ingestion of L-alanylglutamine compared with the free amino acid or wheat proteinNutr Res · PMID 22575040
Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in peripheral arterial disease: a pilot studyJ Altern Complement Med · PMID 17604563
Down syndrome and dementia: a randomized, controlled trial of antioxidant supplementationAm J Med Genet A · PMID 21739598
Effects of antioxidant supplements intervention on the level of plasma inflammatory molecules and disease severity of rheumatoid arthritis patientsJ Am Coll Nutr · PMID 19571161
Effect of α-lipoic acid and exercise training on cardiovascular disease risk in obesity with impaired glucose toleranceLipids Health Dis · PMID 22107734
Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation: a tool for obesity therapy?Curr Pharm Des · PMID 20388095
Effects of alpha-lipoic Acid on body weight in obese subjectsAm J Med · PMID 21187189
Oral antioxidant supplementation does not prevent acute mountain sickness: double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trialQJM · PMID 19273551
A preliminary evaluation of a novel method to monitor a triple antioxidant combination (vitamins E, C and α-lipoic acid) in diabetic volunteers using in vitro methaemoglobin formationEnviron Toxicol Pharmacol · PMID 21782664
Glycemic and oxidative status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled studyAsia Pac J Clin Nutr · PMID 22374556
Complementary therapy in diabetic patients with chronic complications: a pilot studyBratisl Lek Listy · PMID 20586147
The effects of lipoic acid and α-tocopherol supplementation on the lipid profile and insulin sensitivity of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Res Clin Pract · PMID 21371770
Alpha-lipoic acid does not acutely affect resistance and conduit artery function or oxidative stress in healthy menBr J Clin Pharmacol · PMID 15327583
Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Serum Lipid Profile Levels in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on HemodialysisJ Ren Nutr · PMID 21908204
Alpha-lipoic acid improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidismExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes · PMID 20162509
Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) studyCirculation · PMID 15655130
Oral antioxidants and cardiovascular health in the exercise-trained and untrained elderly: a radically different outcomeClin Sci · PMID 18795893
Effects of supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid on exercise-induced activation of coagulationMetabolism · PMID 15931620
Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trialDiabetes Care · PMID 21775755
Alpha-lipoic acid improves vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled randomized trialEur J Clin Invest · PMID 20050880
Effect of alpha-lipoic acid combined with creatine monohydrate on human skeletal muscle creatine and phosphagen concentrationInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · PMID 14669930
Alpha-lipoic acid modifies oxidative stress parameters in sickle cell trait subjects and sickle cell patientsClin Nutr · PMID 19231043
The use of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and rehabilitation in the treatment of back pain: effect on health-related quality of lifeInt J Immunopathol Pharmacol · PMID 19887043
Assessment of the antioxidant effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy men exposed to muscle-damaging exerciseJ Physiol Pharmacol · PMID 19617657
Restoration of blood total glutathione status and lymphocyte function following alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in patients with HIV infectionJ Altern Complement Med · PMID 18315507
Efficacy of Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation in Sperm Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.Int Braz J Urol · PMID 40327515
Effects of oral, smoked, and vaporized cannabis on endocrine pathways related to appetite and metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory studyTransl Psychiatry · PMID 32075958
1 -tetrahydrocannabinol, synhexyl and marijuana extract administered orally in man: catecholamine excretion, plasma cortisol levels and platelet serotonin contentPsychopharmacologia · PMID 5523370
Acute effects of natural and synthetic cannabis compounds on prolactin levels in human malesPharmacol Biochem Behav · PMID 6320226
The effects of smoked marijuana on metabolism and respiratory controlAm Rev Respir Dis · PMID 367234
Effect of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on subjective and metabolic hormone responses to food stimuli and food intake in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled studyAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 30949710
Explorative Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Intervention Study with Low Doses of Inhaled Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Reveals No Effect on Sweet Taste Intensity Perception and Liking in HumansCannabis Cannabinoid Res · PMID 28861511
Short-term effects of cannabinoids on immune phenotype and function in HIV-1-infected patientsJ Clin Pharmacol · PMID 12412840
A pilot study of the effects of cannabis on appetite hormones in HIV-infected adult menBrain Res · PMID 22133305
Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trialNeuropsychopharmacology · PMID 18688212
Acute and residual mood and cognitive performance of young adults following smoked cannabisPharmacol Biochem Behav · PMID 32360692
Effects of acute marijuana smoking on pulse rate and mood states in womenPsychopharmacology · PMID 6438677
Assessment of Efficacy and Tolerability of Medicinal Cannabinoids in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisJAMA Netw Open · PMID 30646241
Sativex ® as add-on therapy vs. further optimized first-line ANTispastics (SAVANT) in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trialInt J Neurosci · PMID 29792372
Sativex(®) and clinical-neurophysiological measures of spasticity in progressive multiple sclerosisJ Neurol · PMID 26289497
Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow upJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry · PMID 16291891
Multiple sclerosis and extract of cannabis: results of the MUSEC trialJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry · PMID 22791906
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of Sativex, in subjects with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosisNeurol Res · PMID 20307378
Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patientsMult Scler · PMID 15327042
Long-term use of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosisMult Scler · PMID 17086911
Psychopathological and cognitive effects of therapeutic cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover studyClin Neuropharmacol · PMID 18978501
A placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomized withdrawal study of subjects with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis who are receiving long-term Sativex® (nabiximols)Mult Scler · PMID 21878454
Sativex long-term use: an open-label trial in patients with spasticity due to multiple sclerosisJ Neurol · PMID 22878432
Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trialLancet · PMID 14615106
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosisJ Neurol · PMID 23180178
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols* (Sativex(®) ), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosisEur J Neurol · PMID 21362108
Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol oromucosal spray in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: consistency of response across subgroups from the SAVANT randomized clinical trialInt J Neurosci · PMID 32065006
Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosisNeurology · PMID 16186518
Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studyMult Scler · PMID 15327040
Short-term effects of smoking marijuana on balance in patients with multiple sclerosis and normal volunteersClin Pharmacol Ther · PMID 8143398
The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS)Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct · PMID 16552618
Randomized controlled trial of Sativex to treat detrusor overactivity in multiple sclerosisMult Scler · PMID 20829244
Smoked marijuana effects on tobacco cigarette smoking behaviorJ Pharmacol Exp Ther · PMID 2319477
Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humansPsychopharmacology · PMID 10090647
Abstinence symptoms following oral THC administration to humansPsychopharmacology · PMID 10090646
Cannabidiol (CBD) content in vaporized cannabis does not prevent tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced impairment of driving and cognitionPsychopharmacology · PMID 31044290
Acute and residual effects of smoked cannabis: Impact on driving speed and lateral control, heart rate, and self-reported drug effectsDrug Alcohol Depend · PMID 31678833
Effect of cannabis use on cognitive functions and driving abilityJ Clin Psychiatry · PMID 10401919
Cannabis smoking impairs driving performance on the simulator and real driving: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trialFundam Clin Pharmacol · PMID 29752828
Acute effects of smoking marijuana on hormones, subjective effects and performance in male human subjectsPharmacol Biochem Behav · PMID 3016764
The effects of orally administered delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in man on mood and performance measures: a dose-response studyPharmacol Biochem Behav · PMID 2161109
Opioid antagonism enhances marijuana's effects in heavy marijuana smokersPsychopharmacology · PMID 20490465
Cannabis use and driving-related performance in young recreational users: a within-subject randomized clinical trialCMAJ Open · PMID 30323055

Evidence by supplement

Key findings

The HIV/AIDS Nutritional Support protocol

Studies cited

Related conditions

Supplement stack for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)