Condition
Inflammation
Inflammation is the body's defense response, in which immune cells release chemical signals to deal with injury or infection, though it can linger and cause harm when it stays switched on. Among supplements, black seed oil and urolithin A have the strongest evidence, and trials found lower levels of C-reactive protein, a common blood marker of inflammation. Those studies were fairly small, and other options such as luteolin rest mostly on animal or lab work.
Sources: PMID 19668473
- Updated
- How we grade
- 100 studies cited
- Supplements studied
- 5
- Medicines and peptides
- 1
- Graded outcomes
- 6
Evidence by supplement
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory Markers (CRP) Meta-analysis: Significant reduction in CRP and MDA. Immunomodulatory effects on Th1/Th2 balance demonstrated. | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 500 people |
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-Reactive Protein Significantly lower CRP indicating reduced inflammation | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 150 people |
Fisetin
- Inflammatory Markers (IL-6, TNF-α): improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory Markers (IL-6, TNF-α) Small decrease in inflammatory cytokines | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 95 people |
Luteolin
- Anti-inflammatory Effects: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammatory Effects Preclinical and in vitro evidence: Inhibits NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Shown to reduce neuroinflammation in sleep deprivation and chronic stress models. Clinical studies limited but mechanism well-established. | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect |
Black Pepper
- Inflammatory Markers: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory Markers Modest reduction in inflammatory markers; synergistic anti-inflammatory effect when combined with curcumin | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 120 people |
Prescription medicines and peptides studied, for context
TB-500
- Anti-Inflammatory Activity: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Inflammatory Activity Inhibits NF-κB signaling, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Demonstrated in multiple inflammation models. | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 7 studies | 80 people |
Key findings
- Inflammatory Markers (CRP)Improves (the measure goes down)
- C-Reactive ProteinImproves (the measure goes down)
- Inflammatory Markers (IL-6, TNF-α)Improves (the measure goes down)
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Studies cited
100 studies from PubMed
- Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids
- Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals
- CCN5 suppresses injury-induced vascular restenosis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and facilitating endothelial repair via thymosin β4 and Cd9 pathway.
- Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascular regeneration and modulate macrophage polarization for diabetic wound treatment.
- Corrigendum to 'Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascular regeneration and modulate macrophage polarization for diabetic wound treatment' [Mater. Today Bio,Volume 31, 2025, 101585].
- Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.
- Identification of glutamine as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye disease.
- Epimedin C promotes mitochondrial transfer and delays thymus atrophy in 4-VCD induced mimetic-menopausal mice.
- Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization.
- Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing.
- Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.
- Comparative effects of dietary sodium butyrate and tributyrin on broiler chickens' performance, gene expression, intestinal histomorphometry, blood indices, and litter.
- Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.
- Effects of Nigella sativa supplementation on lipid profiles in adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
- The Effects of Fisetin on Reducing Biological Aging: A Pilot Study
- Senolytics To slOw Progression of Sepsis (STOP-Sepsis) in elderly patients: Study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, adaptive allocation clinical trial
- Luteolin Is More Potent than Cromolyn in Their Ability to Inhibit Mediator Release from Cultured Human Mast Cells
- Luteolin: A promising multifunctional natural flavonoid for human diseases
- Luteolin for neurodegenerative diseases: a review
- In Vitro Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Promoting Transplanted Fat Survival by Regulating Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.
- Thymosin β(4) and β(10) Expression in Human Organs during Development: A Review.
- Nigella sativa and health outcomes: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
- Potential anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of luteolin in a chronic constriction injury rat model of neuropathic pain: Role of oxidative stress, neurotrophins, and inflammatory factors
- Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies
- Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals
- Targeted Deletion of Thymosin Beta 4 in Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis in a Transgenic Mouse Model
- Deficiency of endothelial sirtuin1 in mice stimulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity by modifying the secretome.
- Thymosin β4 preserves vascular smooth muscle phenotype in atherosclerosis via regulation of low density lipoprotein related protein 1 (LRP1).
- Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon.
- Thymosin Beta 4 Inhibits LPS and ATP-Induced Hepatic Stellate Cells via the Regulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways.
- The Pathophysiological Role of Thymosin β4 in the Kidney Glomerulus.
- The preliminary study of exosomes derived from thymosin beta 4-treated adipose-derived stem cells in fat grafting.
- The neuroprotective effects of fisetin, a natural flavonoid in neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on the role of oxidative stress
- Fisetin as a Senotherapeutic Agent: Biopharmaceutical Properties and Crosstalk between Cell Senescence and Neuroprotection
- Luteolin reduces fear, anxiety, and depression in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder
- Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.
- Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer.
- The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis.
- Nigella sativa as a promising intervention for metabolic and inflammatory disorders in obese prediabetic subjects: A comparative study of Nigella sativa versus both lifestyle modification and metformin
- Fisetin for COVID-19 in skilled nursing facilities: Senolytic trials in the COVID era
- Neuroprotective Effect of Fisetin Against the Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Damage via Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Parameters
- Neuroprotective effects of flavone luteolin in neuroinflammation and neurotrauma
- Thymosin beta 4 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver by inhibiting ferroptosis via up-regulation of GPX4
- Thymosin beta-4 prenatal administration improves fetal development and halts side effects due to preterm delivery
- Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study
- Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences PMN Effector Cell Function during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Corneal Infection.
- Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies.
- Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation
- Thymosin-β4 induces angiogenesis in critical limb ischemia mice via regulating Notch/NF-κB pathway
- Thymosin beta 4 attenuates PrP(106-126)-induced human brain endothelial cells dysfunction.
- Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Keratitis.
- Thymosin β4: A Multi-Faceted Tissue Repair Stimulating Protein in Heart Injury
- miR-200a mediates protection of thymosin β-4 in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells as a novel mechanism under hypoxia-reoxygenation injury.
- Inhibition of microRNA-34a mediates protection of thymosin beta 4 in endothelial progenitor cells against advanced glycation endproducts by targeting B-cell lymphoma 2.
- Thymosin β-4 is a novel regulator for primary cilium formation by nephronophthisis 3 in HeLa human cervical cancer cells.
- Ethosomal Gel for Improving Transdermal Delivery of Thymosin β-4.
- Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan
- Fisetin as a caloric restriction mimetic protects rat brain against aging induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and neurodegeneration
- Fisetin Exerts Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects in Multiple Mutant hSOD1 Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Activating ERK
- Luteolin as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent: A brief review
- Thymosin beta 4 regulation of actin in sepsis
- Thymosin beta 4 and the eye: the journey from bench to bedside
- Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations.
- Review on Clinical Trials of Black Seed (Nigella sativa) and Its Active Constituent, Thymoquinone
- Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry.
- Targeted delivery of thymosin beta 4 to the injured myocardium using CREKA-conjugated nanoparticles.
- Thymosin beta-4 regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells via hedgehog signaling.
- Potential role of thymosin beta 4 in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
- Recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin β(4) suppresses experimental colitis in mice.
- Adsorption effects of the doping relevant peptides Insulin Lispro, Synachten, TB-500 and GHRP 5.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of supplementation with Nigella sativa (black seed) on blood pressure
- Cardioprotection by Thymosin Beta 4
- Thymosin Beta 4: A Potential Novel Therapy for Neurotrophic Keratopathy, Dry Eye, and Ocular Surface Diseases
- Thymosin Beta 4 Is a Potential Regulator of Hepatic Stellate Cells
- Comparison of various in vitro model systems of the metabolism of synthetic doping peptides: Proteolytic enzymes, human blood serum, liver and kidney microsomes and liver S9 fraction.
- Thymosin beta 4 up-regulates miR-200a expression and induces differentiation and survival of rat brain progenitor cells.
- Nigella sativa improves glucose homeostasis and serum lipids in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory action of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone: A comprehensive review
- Thymosin β4: multiple functions in protection, repair and regeneration of the mammalian heart
- Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth
- Potential role of thymosin Beta 4 in liver fibrosis
- MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer.
- Primary Mechanisms of Thymosin β4 Repair Activity in Dry Eye Disorders and Other Tissue Injuries.
- Thymosin Beta-4 Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Enhances Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Proliferation and Reduces Cell Apoptosis and Senescence.
- N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP): Potential target molecule in research of heart, kidney and brain.
- A review of the effects of Nigella sativa L. and its constituent, thymoquinone, in metabolic syndrome
- Thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Piperine, an alkaloid of black pepper seeds, anti-cancer activities and pharmacokinetics
- An open-label pilot study of a formulation containing the anti-inflammatory flavonoid luteolin and its effects on behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders
- Luteolin inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation
- Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat
- Roles and mechanisms of β-thymosins in cell migration and cancer metastasis: an update.
- Anti-inflammatory effects of piperine in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells
- Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications
- The regenerative peptide thymosin β4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients
- Thymosin beta 4 ameliorates hyperglycemia and improves insulin resistance of KK Cg-Ay/J mouse
- Thymosin β4: a potential molecular target for tumor therapy.
- No muscle for a damaged heart: thymosin beta 4 treatment after myocardial infarction does not induce myocardial differentiation of epicardial cells.
- Thymosin β4 and cardiac protection: implication in inflammation and fibrosis.
- Effects of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of resveratrol in healthy volunteers