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Dr. Grey AI

Peptide

TB-500

TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring 43-amino acid peptide present in most human cells. It has been investigated for its potential role in tissue repair, wound healing, and regeneration. Research, primarily in animal models, suggests it may promote angiogenesis, cell migration, and reduce inflammation. Human clinical trials are limited.

Research notice. This page is for education and research. Peptides may not be FDA-approved for human use and may only be legally available for research. Talk to a qualified clinician before considering any peptide.

Best evidence
Grade C
Conditions studied
10
Outcomes
16
Graded outcomes
0097

Evidence by condition

  • Strong
  • Moderate
  • Limited
  • Very limited

10 conditions, plus general outcomes

Skin Health

Skin Health: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Wound Healing

Moderate Improvement

Improves (the measure goes up)Moderate effect10 studies55 people

Studies that measured wound healing

Cardiovascular Health

Cardiovascular Health: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Cardiac Protection

Reduces infarct volume and preserves cardiac function in preclinical models. Promotes cardiomyocyte survival and migration. Multiple animal studies show significant improvement.

Improves (the measure goes up)Moderate effect10 studies120 people

Studies that measured cardiac protection

Angiogenesis

Small Increase

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect6 studies30 people

Studies that measured angiogenesis

Musculoskeletal Health

  • Tissue Repair: improves
Musculoskeletal Health: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Tissue Repair

Moderate Improvement

Improves (the measure goes up)Moderate effect9 studies75 people

Studies that measured tissue repair

Dry Eye

  • Corneal Wound Healing: improves
Dry Eye: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Corneal Wound Healing

Phase 2/3 clinical trials for dry eye and neurotrophic keratopathy. Accelerates corneal epithelial healing. RGN-259 (Tβ4 eye drops) showed significant improvement vs placebo.

Improves (the measure goes up)Moderate effect7 studies200 people

Studies that measured corneal wound healing

Inflammation

  • Anti-Inflammatory Activity: improves
Inflammation: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Inhibits NF-κB signaling, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Demonstrated in multiple inflammation models.

Improves (the measure goes up)Moderate effect7 studies80 people

Studies that measured anti-inflammatory activity

Liver Fibrosis

  • Liver Fibrosis Protection: improves
Liver Fibrosis: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Liver Fibrosis Protection

Regulates hepatic stellate cell activation. Reduces extracellular matrix deposition. Anti-fibrotic effects demonstrated in preclinical liver injury models.

Improves (the measure goes down)Moderate effect5 studies60 people

Studies that measured liver fibrosis protection

Ligament Injury

  • Ligament/Tendon Healing: improves
Ligament Injury: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Ligament/Tendon Healing

Enhanced healing of medial collateral ligament injury in animal models. Promotes organized connective tissue formation and reduces myofibroblast appearance.

Improves (the measure goes up)Moderate effect4 studies45 people

Studies that measured ligament/tendon healing

General

  • Mortality: improves
  • GI Protection: improves
  • Immune Function: improves
General: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Mortality

3 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect4 studies

Studies that measured mortality

GI Protection

3 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect4 studies

Studies that measured gi protection

Immune Function

2 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect4 studies

Studies that measured immune function

Blood Glucose Control

2 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect3 studies

Studies that measured blood glucose control

Body Weight

2 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect3 studies

Studies that measured body weight

Neurodegeneration

  • Neuroprotection: improves
Neurodegeneration: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Neuroprotection

Attenuates neuronal damage in preclinical models. Potential Alzheimer's intervention target - TMSB4X expression decreased in AD neurons. Promotes neural stem cell migration.

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect5 studies50 people

Studies that measured neuroprotection

Hair Growth

  • Hair Growth: improves
Hair Growth: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Hair Growth

Stimulates hair follicle stem cells and promotes hair growth in animal models. Induces hair follicle development via Wnt signaling pathway activation.

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect4 studies40 people

Studies that measured hair growth

Diabetes

  • Insulin Sensitivity: improves
Diabetes: outcomes studied for TB-500
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Insulin Sensitivity

Ameliorates hyperglycemia and improves insulin resistance in diabetic mouse models. Preclinical evidence only.

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect3 studies30 people

Studies that measured insulin sensitivity

Key findings

  • Wound HealingSkin HealthImproves (the measure goes up)
  • Cardiac ProtectionCardiovascular HealthImproves (the measure goes up)
  • Tissue RepairMusculoskeletal HealthImproves (the measure goes up)

Studies cited

84 studies from PubMed

  1. Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoidsStem Cell Reports, 2025 · PMID 40816274
  2. Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult MammalsInt J Mol Sci, 2025 · PMID 40362372
  3. CCN5 suppresses injury-induced vascular restenosis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and facilitating endothelial repair via thymosin β4 and Cd9 pathway.European heart journal, 2025 · PMID 39873228
  4. Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascular regeneration and modulate macrophage polarization for diabetic wound treatment.Materials today. Bio, 2025 · PMID 40070869
  5. Corrigendum to 'Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascular regeneration and modulate macrophage polarization for diabetic wound treatment' [Mater. Today Bio,Volume 31, 2025, 101585].Materials today. Bio, 2025 · PMID 40568017
  6. Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.Cellular signalling, 2025 · PMID 40912522
  7. Identification of glutamine as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 2025 · PMID 39837870
  8. Epimedin C promotes mitochondrial transfer and delays thymus atrophy in 4-VCD induced mimetic-menopausal mice.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2025 · PMID 39919331
  9. Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization.Journal of inflammation research, 2025 · PMID 40322536
  10. Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2025 · PMID 40279568
  11. Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.Free radical biology & medicine, 2025 · PMID 39761767
  12. Comparative effects of dietary sodium butyrate and tributyrin on broiler chickens' performance, gene expression, intestinal histomorphometry, blood indices, and litter.Scientific reports, 2025 · PMID 40681595
  13. Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.Cardiovascular research, 2025 · PMID 41229390
  14. In Vitro Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Promoting Transplanted Fat Survival by Regulating Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2024 · PMID 38409346
  15. Thymosin β(4) and β(10) Expression in Human Organs during Development: A Review.Cells, 2024 · PMID 38994967
  16. Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapiesInt Immunopharmacol, 2023 · PMID 36709593
  17. Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammalsInt Immunopharmacol, 2023 · PMID 38706788
  18. Targeted Deletion of Thymosin Beta 4 in Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis in a Transgenic Mouse ModelCells, 2023 · PMID 37371128
  19. Deficiency of endothelial sirtuin1 in mice stimulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity by modifying the secretome.Nature communications, 2023 · PMID 37696839
  20. Thymosin β4 preserves vascular smooth muscle phenotype in atherosclerosis via regulation of low density lipoprotein related protein 1 (LRP1).International immunopharmacology, 2023 · PMID 37724952
  21. Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon.Fish & shellfish immunology, 2023 · PMID 37689229
  22. Thymosin Beta 4 Inhibits LPS and ATP-Induced Hepatic Stellate Cells via the Regulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways.International journal of molecular sciences, 2023 · PMID 36834849
  23. The Pathophysiological Role of Thymosin β4 in the Kidney Glomerulus.International journal of molecular sciences, 2023 · PMID 37175390
  24. The preliminary study of exosomes derived from thymosin beta 4-treated adipose-derived stem cells in fat grafting.Genes & genomics, 2023 · PMID 36445571
  25. Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.Stem cell research & therapy, 2022 · PMID 35012642
  26. Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer.The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society, 2022 · PMID 36321670
  27. The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis.International journal of molecular sciences, 2022 · PMID 36362069
  28. Thymosin beta 4 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver by inhibiting ferroptosis via up-regulation of GPX4Eur J Pharmacol, 2021 · PMID 34280397
  29. Thymosin beta-4 prenatal administration improves fetal development and halts side effects due to preterm deliveryEur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2021 · PMID 33506933
  30. Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort studyInt Immunopharmacol, 2021 · PMID 34607232
  31. Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences PMN Effector Cell Function during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Corneal Infection.Cells, 2021 · PMID 34944086
  32. Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies.Cells, 2021 · PMID 34071596
  33. Thymosin-β4 induces angiogenesis in critical limb ischemia mice via regulating Notch/NF-κB pathwayInt J Mol Med, 2020 · PMID 32945357
  34. Thymosin beta 4 attenuates PrP(106-126)-induced human brain endothelial cells dysfunction.European journal of pharmacology, 2020 · PMID 31877278
  35. Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Keratitis.International journal of molecular sciences, 2020 · PMID 32961846
  36. Thymosin β4: A Multi-Faceted Tissue Repair Stimulating Protein in Heart InjuryInt J Mol Sci, 2019 · PMID 31333080
  37. miR-200a mediates protection of thymosin β-4 in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells as a novel mechanism under hypoxia-reoxygenation injury.Journal of cellular biochemistry, 2019 · PMID 31265170
  38. Inhibition of microRNA-34a mediates protection of thymosin beta 4 in endothelial progenitor cells against advanced glycation endproducts by targeting B-cell lymphoma 2.Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2019 · PMID 31397599
  39. Thymosin β-4 is a novel regulator for primary cilium formation by nephronophthisis 3 in HeLa human cervical cancer cells.Scientific reports, 2019 · PMID 31048733
  40. Ethosomal Gel for Improving Transdermal Delivery of Thymosin β-4.International journal of nanomedicine, 2019 · PMID 31819429
  41. Thymosin beta 4 regulation of actin in sepsisExpert Opin Biol Ther, 2018 · PMID 29508629
  42. Thymosin beta 4 and the eye: the journey from bench to bedsideExpert Opin Biol Ther, 2018 · PMID 30063853
  43. Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations.Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2018 · PMID 29502471
  44. Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry.Pathology, research and practice, 2017 · PMID 28756979
  45. Targeted delivery of thymosin beta 4 to the injured myocardium using CREKA-conjugated nanoparticles.International journal of nanomedicine, 2017 · PMID 28442910
  46. Thymosin beta-4 regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells via hedgehog signaling.Scientific reports, 2017 · PMID 28630423
  47. Potential role of thymosin beta 4 in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Chronic diseases and translational medicine, 2017 · PMID 29063072
  48. Recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin β(4) suppresses experimental colitis in mice.World journal of gastroenterology, 2017 · PMID 28127198
  49. Adsorption effects of the doping relevant peptides Insulin Lispro, Synachten, TB-500 and GHRP 5.Analytical biochemistry, 2017 · PMID 28887173
  50. Cardioprotection by Thymosin Beta 4Vitam Horm, 2016 · PMID 27450736
  51. Thymosin Beta 4: A Potential Novel Therapy for Neurotrophic Keratopathy, Dry Eye, and Ocular Surface DiseasesVitam Horm, 2016 · PMID 27450739
  52. Thymosin Beta 4 Is a Potential Regulator of Hepatic Stellate CellsVitam Horm, 2016 · PMID 27450733
  53. Comparison of various in vitro model systems of the metabolism of synthetic doping peptides: Proteolytic enzymes, human blood serum, liver and kidney microsomes and liver S9 fraction.Journal of proteomics, 2016 · PMID 27569051
  54. Thymosin beta 4 up-regulates miR-200a expression and induces differentiation and survival of rat brain progenitor cells.Journal of neurochemistry, 2016 · PMID 26466330
  55. Thymosin β4: multiple functions in protection, repair and regeneration of the mammalian heartExpert Opin Biol Ther, 2015 · PMID 26094634
  56. Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair GrowthPLoS One, 2015 · PMID 26083021
  57. Potential role of thymosin Beta 4 in liver fibrosisInt J Mol Sci, 2015 · PMID 26006229
  58. MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer.Oncotarget, 2015 · PMID 26556858
  59. Primary Mechanisms of Thymosin β4 Repair Activity in Dry Eye Disorders and Other Tissue Injuries.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2015 · PMID 26241398
  60. Thymosin Beta-4 Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Enhances Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Proliferation and Reduces Cell Apoptosis and Senescence.Chinese medical journal, 2015 · PMID 26021512
  61. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP): Potential target molecule in research of heart, kidney and brain.Current pharmaceutical design, 2015 · PMID 26350537
  62. Thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma.European journal of histochemistry : EJH, 2014 · PMID 24704991
  63. Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in ratRegul Pept, 2013 · PMID 23523891
  64. Roles and mechanisms of β-thymosins in cell migration and cancer metastasis: an update.Cancer investigation, 2013 · PMID 23320791
  65. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applicationsAnn N Y Acad Sci, 2012 · PMID 22074294
  66. The regenerative peptide thymosin β4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patientsAnn N Y Acad Sci, 2012 · PMID 23050815
  67. Thymosin beta 4 ameliorates hyperglycemia and improves insulin resistance of KK Cg-Ay/J mouseDiabetes Res Clin Pract, 2012 · PMID 22217673
  68. Thymosin β4: a potential molecular target for tumor therapy.Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression, 2012 · PMID 22856429
  69. No muscle for a damaged heart: thymosin beta 4 treatment after myocardial infarction does not induce myocardial differentiation of epicardial cells.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology, 2012 · PMID 22019445
  70. Thymosin β4 and cardiac protection: implication in inflammation and fibrosis.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2012 · PMID 23045975
  71. Thymosins and muscle regeneration.Vitamins and hormones, 2011 · PMID 22127247
  72. Thymosin beta4 and cardiac repairAnn N Y Acad Sci, 2010 · PMID 20536454
  73. Thymosin beta4 enhances repair by organizing connective tissue and preventing the appearance of myofibroblastsAnn N Y Acad Sci, 2010 · PMID 20536458
  74. Thymosin beta4 regulates migration of colon cancer cells by a pathway involving interaction with Ku80.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010 · PMID 20536451
  75. Progression of ocular sulfur mustard injury: development of a model system.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010 · PMID 20536452
  76. Thymosin beta4 and corneal wound healing: visions of the future.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010 · PMID 20536468
  77. Treatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta4.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010 · PMID 20536469
  78. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarctionNature, 2007 · PMID 17600280
  79. Thymosin beta 4: A novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agentClin Ophthalmol, 2007 · PMID 19668473
  80. Adhesive and proteolytic phenotype of migrating endothelial cells induced by thymosin beta-4.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2007 · PMID 17495245
  81. Localization of thymosin beta-4 in tumors.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2007 · PMID 17495241
  82. Antimicrobial peptides from human platelets.Infection and immunity, 2002 · PMID 12438321
  83. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healingJ Invest Dermatol, 1999 · PMID 10469335
  84. Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1997 · PMID 9194528