Condition
Musculoskeletal Health
Musculoskeletal health covers the bones, muscles, tendons and joints that support the body and let it move. Two peptides, BPC-157 and TB-500, have the most research, and studies found better tendon recovery with the first and improved tissue repair with the second, though the evidence is limited for both. Much of it was in animals and cells, and the TB-500 work centered on the heart, so its relevance to people is unclear.
Sources: PMID 21030672; PMID 14554208; PMID 20536454
- Updated
- How we grade
- 100 studies cited
- Supplements studied
- 0
- Medicines and peptides
- 2
- Graded outcomes
- 4
No supplement studies yetWe haven’t found supplement studies for Musculoskeletal Health. The medicines and peptides studied for it are listed below.
Prescription medicines and peptides studied, for context
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tendon Healing Notable Improvement (mostly animal data) | Improves (the measure goes up) | Large effect | 11 studies | 180 people | ||
| Ligament Healing Moderate Improvement (mostly animal data) | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 11 studies | 90 people | ||
| Muscle Injury Recovery Moderate Improvement (mostly animal data) | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 11 studies | 120 people | ||
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tissue Repair Moderate Improvement | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 9 studies | 75 people | ||
Studies that measured tissue repair | ||||||
Key findings
- Tendon HealingImproves (the measure goes up)
- Ligament HealingImproves (the measure goes up)
- Muscle Injury RecoveryImproves (the measure goes up)
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Studies cited
100 studies from PubMed
- BPC 157 Therapy: Targeting Angiogenesis and Nitric Oxide's Cytotoxic and Damaging Actions, but Maintaining, Promoting, or Recovering Their Essential Protective Functions. Comment on Józwiak et al. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18, 185.
- Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.
- Acute Compartment Syndrome and Intra-Abdominal Hypertension, Decompression, Current Pharmacotherapy, and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Solution.
- Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study.
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy and Safety Key: A Special Beneficial Pleiotropic Effect Controlling and Modulating Angiogenesis and the NO-System.
- Concerning BPC-157, a natural pentadecapeptide, that acts as a cytoprotectant and is believed to protect the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT).
- Injectable Therapeutic Peptides-An Adjunct to Regenerative Medicine and Sports Performance?
- Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing.
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy After Surgical Detachment of the Quadriceps Muscle from Its Attachments for Muscle-to-Bone Reattachment in Rats.
- Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review.
- Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review.
- Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids
- Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals
- CCN5 suppresses injury-induced vascular restenosis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and facilitating endothelial repair via thymosin β4 and Cd9 pathway.
- Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascular regeneration and modulate macrophage polarization for diabetic wound treatment.
- Corrigendum to 'Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascular regeneration and modulate macrophage polarization for diabetic wound treatment' [Mater. Today Bio,Volume 31, 2025, 101585].
- Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.
- Identification of glutamine as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye disease.
- Epimedin C promotes mitochondrial transfer and delays thymus atrophy in 4-VCD induced mimetic-menopausal mice.
- Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization.
- Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing.
- Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.
- Comparative effects of dietary sodium butyrate and tributyrin on broiler chickens' performance, gene expression, intestinal histomorphometry, blood indices, and litter.
- Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.
- Protective effect of resveratrol on nickel-refining fumes-induced inflammatory damage.
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Intestinal Anastomoses Therapy in Rats-A Review.
- In Vitro Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Promoting Transplanted Fat Survival by Regulating Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.
- Thymosin β(4) and β(10) Expression in Human Organs during Development: A Review.
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy: Effect on Reperfusion Following Maintained Intra-Abdominal Hypertension (Grade III and IV) in Rats.
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Recover Brain-Gut Axis and Gut-Brain Axis Function.
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157-Possible Novel Therapy of Glaucoma and Other Ocular Conditions.
- Antiarrhythmic Sotalol, Occlusion/Occlusion-like Syndrome in Rats, and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy.
- Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies
- Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals
- Targeted Deletion of Thymosin Beta 4 in Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis in a Transgenic Mouse Model
- Deficiency of endothelial sirtuin1 in mice stimulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity by modifying the secretome.
- Thymosin β4 preserves vascular smooth muscle phenotype in atherosclerosis via regulation of low density lipoprotein related protein 1 (LRP1).
- Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon.
- Thymosin Beta 4 Inhibits LPS and ATP-Induced Hepatic Stellate Cells via the Regulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways.
- The Pathophysiological Role of Thymosin β4 in the Kidney Glomerulus.
- The preliminary study of exosomes derived from thymosin beta 4-treated adipose-derived stem cells in fat grafting.
- Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Counteract Myocardial Infarction Induced by Isoprenaline in Rats.
- Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 efficiently reduces radiation-induced liver injury and lipid accumulation through Kruppel-like factor 4 upregulation both in vivo and in vitro.
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Useful Cytoprotective Peptide Therapy in the Heart Disturbances, Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension, Arrhythmias, and Thrombosis Presentation.
- Cytoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves major vessel occlusion disturbances, ischemia-reperfusion injury following Pringle maneuver, and Budd-Chiari syndrome.
- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Molecular Changes in Blood Vessels of Rats Treated with Pentadecapeptide BPC 157.
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Striated, Smooth, and Heart Muscle.
- The anti-nociceptive effect of BPC-157 on the incisional pain model in rats.
- Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.
- Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer.
- The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis.
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing
- Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy for Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats Leads to Prevention and Reversal.
- Over-Dose Lithium Toxicity as an Occlusive-like Syndrome in Rats and Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157.
- BPC 157 as a Therapy for Retinal Ischemia Induced by Retrobulbar Application of L-NAME in Rats.
- Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain.
- Thymosin beta 4 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver by inhibiting ferroptosis via up-regulation of GPX4
- Thymosin beta-4 prenatal administration improves fetal development and halts side effects due to preterm delivery
- Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study
- Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences PMN Effector Cell Function during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Corneal Infection.
- Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies.
- Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway
- The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on hippocampal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats
- Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves suprahepatic occlusion of the inferior caval vein, Budd-Chiari syndrome model in rats.
- Preclinical safety evaluation of body protective compound-157, a potential drug for treating various wounds.
- BPC 157 Rescued NSAID-cytotoxicity Via Stabilizing Intestinal Permeability and Enhancing Cytoprotection.
- Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves Pringle maneuver in rats, both ischemia and reperfusion.
- Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 shortens duration of tetracaine- and oxybuprocaine-induced corneal anesthesia in rats.
- Thymosin-β4 induces angiogenesis in critical limb ischemia mice via regulating Notch/NF-κB pathway
- Thymosin beta 4 attenuates PrP(106-126)-induced human brain endothelial cells dysfunction.
- Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Keratitis.
- Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing
- Investigation of the effect for bisphenol A on oxidative stress in human hepatocytes and its interaction with catalase.
- Thymosin β4: A Multi-Faceted Tissue Repair Stimulating Protein in Heart Injury
- miR-200a mediates protection of thymosin β-4 in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells as a novel mechanism under hypoxia-reoxygenation injury.
- Inhibition of microRNA-34a mediates protection of thymosin beta 4 in endothelial progenitor cells against advanced glycation endproducts by targeting B-cell lymphoma 2.
- Thymosin β-4 is a novel regulator for primary cilium formation by nephronophthisis 3 in HeLa human cervical cancer cells.
- Ethosomal Gel for Improving Transdermal Delivery of Thymosin β-4.
- Lipid peroxidation diminishing perspective of isolated theaflavins and thearubigins from black tea in arginine induced renal malfunctional rats.
- Novel Cytoprotective Mediator, Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Vascular Recruitment and Gastrointestinal Tract Healing.
- BPC 157 and Standard Angiogenic Growth Factors. Gastrointestinal Tract Healing, Lessons from Tendon, Ligament, Muscle and Bone Healing.
- Thymosin beta 4 regulation of actin in sepsis
- Thymosin beta 4 and the eye: the journey from bench to bedside
- Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations.
- Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation
- Stress in Gastrointestinal Tract and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Finally, do we have a Solution?
- Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry.
- Targeted delivery of thymosin beta 4 to the injured myocardium using CREKA-conjugated nanoparticles.
- Thymosin beta-4 regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells via hedgehog signaling.
- Potential role of thymosin beta 4 in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
- Recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin β(4) suppresses experimental colitis in mice.
- Adsorption effects of the doping relevant peptides Insulin Lispro, Synachten, TB-500 and GHRP 5.
- Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications
- Ginger extract modulates Pb-induced hepatic oxidative stress and expression of antioxidant gene transcripts in rat liver.
- In vivo effects of s-pantoprazole, polaprenzinc, and probiotic blend on chronic small intestinal injury induced by indomethacin.
- Empagliflozin lessened cardiac injury and reduced visceral adipocyte hypertrophy in prediabetic rats with metabolic syndrome.
- BPC 157: The counteraction of succinylcholine, hyperkalemia, and arrhythmias.
- Cardioprotection by Thymosin Beta 4
- Thymosin Beta 4: A Potential Novel Therapy for Neurotrophic Keratopathy, Dry Eye, and Ocular Surface Diseases