Condition
Drug Metabolism
Drug metabolism is the way the body, mainly the liver, uses enzymes to break down medicines and other compounds so they can be used and cleared away. Black pepper's piperine has the most support here, and research found it blocked some of these enzymes and improved absorption of nutrients like CoQ10 and beta-carotene, while molybdenum saw drug clearance go up. The evidence is moderate for black pepper and limited for molybdenum, and the studies were fairly small.
- Updated
- How we grade
- 17 studies cited
- Supplements studied
- 2
- Graded outcomes
- 2
Evidence by supplement
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient/Drug Absorption Piperine enhances absorption of CoQ10, beta-carotene, selenium, vitamin B6, and resveratrol via enzyme inhibition | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 200 people |
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug Clearance Rate Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 80 people |
Key findings
- Nutrient/Drug AbsorptionImproves (the measure goes up)
- Drug Clearance RateImproves (the measure goes up)
Studies cited
17 studies from PubMed
- Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency: Clinical Presentations and Management
- Molybdenum and Sulfite Metabolism: Biochemistry and Clinical Relevance
- Molybdenum-Containing Enzymes in Human Metabolism
- Role of Molybdenum in Xanthine Oxidase Function
- Upper Tolerable Limits of Molybdenum: Safety Considerations
- Molybdenum in Human Health: A Review of Essential Functions
- Dietary Molybdenum Intake: Sources and Recommendations
- Molybdenum Status Assessment: Biomarkers and Methods
- Molybdenum: Dietary Requirements and Deficiency
- Molybdenum Toxicity and Deficiency: A Review of Clinical Cases
- Piperine, an alkaloid of black pepper seeds, anti-cancer activities and pharmacokinetics
- Anti-inflammatory effects of piperine in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells
- Effects of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of resveratrol in healthy volunteers
- Piperine inhibits the activities of cytochrome P450 2C9, 2C19 and 3A4 in vitro
- Black pepper and health claims: a comprehensive treatise
- Piperine, a major principle of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4
- Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers