Condition
Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening emergency in which the body's response to an infection triggers widespread inflammation and organ damage. Among supplements, thymosin alpha-1 has the most support, and studies found that deaths within 28 days went down. That evidence is moderate, drawn from three studies of 890 people, and the only other survival finding, for LL-37, came from mouse models, so human evidence remains thin.
Sources: PMID 25532482; PMID 30063866
- Supplements studied
- 2
- Medicines and peptides
- 2
- Graded outcomes
- 6
- Trials
- 1
- People studied
- 57
Evidence by supplement
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilirubin No effect | NoneNo effect | 57 people | ||||
| Macrophage Activity | Improves (the measure goes up) | 57 people |
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilirubin No effect | NoneNo effect | 57 people | ||||
| Macrophage Activity | Improves (the measure goes up) | 1 study | 57 people | |||
Studies that measured macrophage activity | ||||||
Prescription medicines and peptides studied, for context
Thymosin Alpha-1
- HLA-DR Expression: improves
- 28-Day Mortality: improves
- Secondary Infection Rate: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HLA-DR Expression Moderate Restoration | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 5 studies | 340 people | ||
| 28-Day Mortality Moderate Reduction | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 3 studies | 890 people | ||
| Secondary Infection Rate Moderate Reduction | Improves (the measure goes down) | Moderate effect | 4 studies | 280 people |
LL-37
- Survival Rate: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival Rate Improved survival in sepsis models | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 4 studies | 90 people |
Key findings
- Bilirubin
The Sepsis Recovery Nutritional Support protocol
2 primary supplements · 7 supporting supplements
Studies cited
100 studies from PubMed
- LL-37 Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury by Alleviating Inflammatory Response and Epithelial Cell Oxidative Injury via ZBP1-Mediated Autophagy.
- Human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
- Significance of the LL-37 Peptide Delivered from Human Cathelicidin in the Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Sepsis.
- Cathelicidin regulates goblet cell mucus secretion and mucus-associated proteins in Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 in periodontitis: current research advances and future prospects - A review.
- Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial.
- The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 combined with lenvatinib plus sintilimab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study.
- Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Levels in Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction in Mice and Human.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice by regulating TFEB-dependent autophagy.
- PD-1 inhibitor combined with SBRT, GM-CSF, and thymosin alpha-1 in metastatic breast cancer: A case report and literature review.
- Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.
- Thymosin Alpha 1 Plus Routine Treatment for the Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials.
- Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes EMT, migration and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and mouse model.
- Human cathelicidin LL-37 exerts amelioration effects against EHEC O157:H7 infection regarding inflammation, enteric dysbacteriosis, and impairment of gut barrier function.
- Antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37 preserves intestinal barrier and organ function in rats with heat stroke.
- Efficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.
- Antibiofilm properties of cathelicidin LL-37: an in-depth review.
- Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications
- Thymosin alpha 1 - Reimagine its broader applications in the immuno-oncology era
- The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.
- Efficacy of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 against biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from chronic wound infections
- Vitamin D-induced LL-37 modulates innate immune responses of human primary macrophages during DENV-2 infection.
- LL-37 transports immunoreactive cGAMP to activate STING signaling and enhance interferon-mediated host antiviral immunity.
- Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 Induces Cell Death in Autophagy-Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells.
- Cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37 promotes cell proliferation and suppresses antitumor activity of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Triggered Expression of Cathelicidin LL-37 Promotes the Growth of Human Bladder Cancer Cells.
- The human cathelicidin hCAP-18 in serum of children with haemato-oncological diseases.
- Anticancer Effect of Cathelicidin LL-37, Protegrin PG-1, Nerve Growth Factor NGF, and Temozolomide: Impact on the Mitochondrial Metabolism, Clonogenic Potential, and Migration of Human U251 Glioma Cells.
- LL-37 as a Powerful Molecular Tool for Boosting the Performance of Ex Vivo-Produced Human Dendritic Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy.
- Regulation of LL-37 in Bone and Periodontium Regeneration.
- Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.
- Thymosin alpha 1 as an adjuvant to hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in an experimental model of peritoneal metastases from colonic carcinoma.
- Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Steroid hormone modulates the production of cathelicidin and human β-defensins in lung epithelial cells and macrophages promoting Mycobacterium tuberculosis killing.
- Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Drives Rosacea-Like Skin Inflammation in an NLRP3-Dependent Manner.
- LL-37-induced caspase-independent apoptosis is associated with plasma membrane permeabilization in human osteoblast-like cells.
- Colonic epithelial cathelicidin (LL-37) expression intensity is associated with progression of colorectal cancer and presence of CD8(+) T cell infiltrate.
- Interaction of LL-37 human cathelicidin peptide with a model microbial-like lipid membrane.
- Vitamin D and Cathelicidin (LL-37) Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage.
- Thymosin alpha-1 therapy improves postoperative survival after curative resection for solitary hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity score matching analysis.
- Combination of Gemcitabine and Thymosin alpha 1 exhibit a better anti-tumor effect on nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma.
- Thymosin alpha 1 exerts beneficial extrapulmonary effects in cystic fibrosis.
- Therapeutic Potential of Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37, an Antimicrobial Agent, in a Murine Sepsis Model
- Citrullination Alters the Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 During Rhinovirus Infection.
- Immunomodulatory Role of the Antimicrobial LL-37 Peptide in Autoimmune Diseases and Viral Infections.
- LL-37 restored glucocorticoid sensitivity impaired by virus dsRNA in lung.
- Synthetic cathelicidin LL-37 reduces Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis internalization and pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages.
- Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 ameliorates a murine sepsis model via the induction of microvesicle release from neutrophils.
- Cathelicidin Mediates a Protective Role of Vitamin D in Ulcerative Colitis and Human Colonic Epithelial Cells.
- Salivary human beta-defensins and cathelicidin levels in relation to periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Thymosin α1 therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter retrospective cohort study
- Immunopotentiator thymosin alpha-1 attenuates inflammatory pain by modulating the Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway in spinal cord.
- Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells.
- The clinical efficacy and adverse effects of Entecavir plus Thymosin alpha-1 combination therapy versus Entecavir Monotherapy in HBV-related cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms
- LL-37 and its analog FF/CAP18 attenuate neutrophil migration in sepsis-induced acute lung injury.
- Myeloid cell-derived LL-37 promotes lung cancer growth by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 restoring glucocorticoid function in smoking and lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation in rats.
- Human cathelicidin improves colonic epithelial defenses against Salmonella typhimurium by modulating bacterial invasion, TLR4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
- Thymosin alpha-1; a natural peptide inhibits cellular proliferation, cell migration, the level of reactive oxygen species and promotes the activity of antioxidant enzymes in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line (A549).
- Thymosin Alpha-1 Inhibits Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Pain and Production of Microglia-Mediated Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Spinal Cord.
- Antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of thymosin alpha-1 (Thα1) peptide.
- Tissue-specific Regulation of Innate Immune Responses by Human Cathelicidin LL-37.
- Roles and Mechanisms of Human Cathelicidin LL-37 in Cancer.
- Upregulated expression of human cathelicidin LL-37 in hypercholesterolemia and its relationship with serum lipid levels.
- Thymosin alpha 1 treatment for patients with sepsis
- Circulating cathelicidin LL-37 in adult patients with pulmonary infectious diseases.
- Human cathelicidin, LL-37, inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection in polarized airway epithelial cells
- The human cathelicidin LL-37--A pore-forming antibacterial peptide and host-cell modulator.
- The Roles of Cathelicidin LL-37 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
- The Role of Cathelicidin LL-37 in Cancer Development.
- Human Cathelicidin Compensates for the Role of Apolipoproteins in Hepatitis C Virus Infectious Particle Formation.
- Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment
- Human-derived cathelicidin LL-37 directly activates mast cells to proinflammatory mediator synthesis and migratory response.
- The Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 and Mimics are Potential Anticancer Drugs.
- Thymosin alpha1 based immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.
- Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases.
- Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Human cathelicidin LL-37 and its derivative IG-19 regulate interleukin-32-induced inflammation.
- Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Is Effective against both Extra- and Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus
- The Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Potential Treatment for Polymicrobial Infected Wounds
- Cathelicidin LL-37: a multitask antimicrobial peptide
- Thymosin α1 and cancer: action on immune effector and tumor target cells
- Effect of thymosin alpha-1 on subpopulations of Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro
- Thymosin-alpha 1 (Zadaxin) enhances the immunogenicity of an adjuvated pandemic H1N1v influenza vaccine (Focetria) in hemodialyzed patients: a pilot study.
- Thymosin alpha-1 with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C not responsive to IFN/ribavirin: an adjuvant role?
- The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 peptide regulates endothelial cell stiffness and endothelial barrier permeability.
- The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in regulatory T cells.
- [Treatment with interferon and thymosin alpha-1 versus interferon monotherapy for HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis].
- Utility of thymosin alpha-1 (Zadaxin) as a co-adjuvant in influenza vaccines: a review.
- Transcription profile of human lymphocytes following in vitro treatment with thymosin alpha-1.
- Thymosin alpha 1 for treatment of hepatitis C virus: promise and proof.
- The roles of cathelicidin LL-37 in immune defences and novel clinical applications.
- Treatment with lamivudine versus lamivudine and thymosin alpha-1 for e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients: a meta-analysis.