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Thymosin Alpha-1

Peptide

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino acid immunomodulatory peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue. It enhances T-cell function, modulates innate and adaptive immune responses, and has been approved in over 35 countries for treatment of chronic hepatitis B and as an immune adjuvant. Clinical research supports its use in viral hepatitis, sepsis, and as adjunctive cancer therapy, with a favorable safety profile across numerous trials.

Quick Answer

What it is

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino acid immunomodulatory peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue. It enhances T-cell function, modulates innate and adaptive immune responses, and has been approved in over 35 countries for treatment of chronic hepatitis B and as an immune adjuvant.

Key findings

  • Grade B: T-Cell Count (Immune Function)
  • Grade B: CD4/CD8 Ratio (Immune Function)
  • Grade B: 28-Day Mortality (Sepsis)

Safety

No specific caution or interaction language was detected in the current summary/outcome notes.

⚠️ Research Notice

This peptide information is for educational and research purposes only. Peptides may not be FDA-approved for human use and may only be legally available for research purposes. Consult qualified healthcare professionals before considering any peptide compounds.

ℹ️ Quick Facts: Thymosin Alpha-1

Quick Facts: Thymosin Alpha-1

  • Best Evidence:Grade B
  • Conditions Studied:5
  • Research Outcomes:21
  • Grade B Findings:9
  • Key Effect:Immune Function
A0
B9
C9
D3
5 conditions · 21 outcomes

Detailed Outcomes

Grade:
Effect:
Size:
Sort:
|
B
T-Cell Count
Moderate Increase
moderate↑Improves
B
CD4/CD8 Ratio
Moderate Improvement
moderate↑Improves
C
NK Cell Activity
Moderate Increase
moderate↑Improves
B
28-Day Mortality
Moderate Reduction
moderate↓Improves
B
HLA-DR Expression
Moderate Restoration
moderate↑Improves
C
Secondary Infection Rate
Moderate Reduction
moderate↓Improves
B
ALT Normalization
Moderate Improvement
moderate↓Improves
B
HBeAg Seroconversion
Moderate Improvement
moderate↑Improves
C
HBV DNA Clearance
Moderate Improvement
moderate↑Improves
C
Overall Survival (Adjuvant)
Small Improvement
small↑Improves
C
Chemotherapy Tolerance
Moderate Improvement
moderate↑Improves
C
Viral Load Reduction
Small Decrease
small↓Improves
D
Pain
2 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.
small↓Improves

Research Citations (55)

Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
(2025)
PMID: 40599771
The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial.
(2025)
PMID: 39814420
The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 combined with lenvatinib plus sintilimab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study.
(2025)
PMID: 40263352
PD-1 inhibitor combined with SBRT, GM-CSF, and thymosin alpha-1 in metastatic breast cancer: A case report and literature review.
(2024)
PMID: 39183403
Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.
(2024)
PMID: 39357524
Thymosin Alpha 1 Plus Routine Treatment for the Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
(2024)
PMID: 39648386
Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials.
(2024)
PMID: 38308608
Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications
(2023)
PMID: 36812669
Thymosin alpha 1 - Reimagine its broader applications in the immuno-oncology era
(2023)
PMID: 36871535
The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.
(2023)
PMID: 37845598

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LL-37

Peptide

2 shared conditions · 21 outcomes

LL-37 (Leucine-Leucine-37) is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-amino acid sequence cleaved from the C-terminus of the precursor protein hCAP-18. It is produced by neutrophils, epithelial cells, and other immune cells and plays crucial roles in innate immunity, wound healing, and antimicrobial defense. Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy in treating hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers, while extensive preclinical research shows potent activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria including MRSA biofilms.