Peptide
LL-37
LL-37 (Leucine-Leucine-37) is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-amino acid sequence cleaved from the C-terminus of the precursor protein hCAP-18. It is produced by neutrophils, epithelial cells, and other immune cells and plays crucial roles in innate immunity, wound healing, and antimicrobial defense. Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy in treating hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers, while extensive preclinical research shows potent activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria including MRSA biofilms.
- Updated
- How we grade
- 73 studies cited
Research notice. This page is for education and research. Peptides may not be FDA-approved for human use and may only be legally available for research. Talk to a qualified clinician before considering any peptide.
- Best evidence
- Grade B
- Conditions studied
- 3
- Outcomes
- 9
- Graded outcomes
- 0441
Evidence by condition
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
Sepsis
- Survival Rate: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival Rate Improved survival in sepsis models | Improves (the measure goes up) | Moderate effect | 4 studies | 90 people | ||
Studies that measured survival rate
| ||||||
General
- Wound Healing: improves
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wound Healing 2 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence. | Improves (the measure goes up) | Small effect | 3 studies | |||
Key findings
- Antimicrobial ActivityImproves (the measure goes up)
- Venous Leg Ulcer HealingImproves (the measure goes up)
- Re-epithelializationImproves (the measure goes up)
Studies cited
73 studies from PubMed
- LL-37 Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury by Alleviating Inflammatory Response and Epithelial Cell Oxidative Injury via ZBP1-Mediated Autophagy.
- Human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
- Significance of the LL-37 Peptide Delivered from Human Cathelicidin in the Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Sepsis.
- Cathelicidin regulates goblet cell mucus secretion and mucus-associated proteins in Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 in periodontitis: current research advances and future prospects - A review.
- Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Levels in Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction in Mice and Human.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice by regulating TFEB-dependent autophagy.
- Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes EMT, migration and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and mouse model.
- Human cathelicidin LL-37 exerts amelioration effects against EHEC O157:H7 infection regarding inflammation, enteric dysbacteriosis, and impairment of gut barrier function.
- Antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37 preserves intestinal barrier and organ function in rats with heat stroke.
- Efficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.
- Antibiofilm properties of cathelicidin LL-37: an in-depth review.
- Efficacy of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 against biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from chronic wound infections
- Vitamin D-induced LL-37 modulates innate immune responses of human primary macrophages during DENV-2 infection.
- LL-37 transports immunoreactive cGAMP to activate STING signaling and enhance interferon-mediated host antiviral immunity.
- Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 Induces Cell Death in Autophagy-Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells.
- Cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37 promotes cell proliferation and suppresses antitumor activity of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Triggered Expression of Cathelicidin LL-37 Promotes the Growth of Human Bladder Cancer Cells.
- The human cathelicidin hCAP-18 in serum of children with haemato-oncological diseases.
- Anticancer Effect of Cathelicidin LL-37, Protegrin PG-1, Nerve Growth Factor NGF, and Temozolomide: Impact on the Mitochondrial Metabolism, Clonogenic Potential, and Migration of Human U251 Glioma Cells.
- LL-37 as a Powerful Molecular Tool for Boosting the Performance of Ex Vivo-Produced Human Dendritic Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy.
- Regulation of LL-37 in Bone and Periodontium Regeneration.
- Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Steroid hormone modulates the production of cathelicidin and human β-defensins in lung epithelial cells and macrophages promoting Mycobacterium tuberculosis killing.
- Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Drives Rosacea-Like Skin Inflammation in an NLRP3-Dependent Manner.
- LL-37-induced caspase-independent apoptosis is associated with plasma membrane permeabilization in human osteoblast-like cells.
- Colonic epithelial cathelicidin (LL-37) expression intensity is associated with progression of colorectal cancer and presence of CD8(+) T cell infiltrate.
- Interaction of LL-37 human cathelicidin peptide with a model microbial-like lipid membrane.
- Vitamin D and Cathelicidin (LL-37) Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage.
- Therapeutic Potential of Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37, an Antimicrobial Agent, in a Murine Sepsis Model
- Citrullination Alters the Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 During Rhinovirus Infection.
- Immunomodulatory Role of the Antimicrobial LL-37 Peptide in Autoimmune Diseases and Viral Infections.
- LL-37 restored glucocorticoid sensitivity impaired by virus dsRNA in lung.
- Synthetic cathelicidin LL-37 reduces Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis internalization and pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages.
- Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 ameliorates a murine sepsis model via the induction of microvesicle release from neutrophils.
- Cathelicidin Mediates a Protective Role of Vitamin D in Ulcerative Colitis and Human Colonic Epithelial Cells.
- Salivary human beta-defensins and cathelicidin levels in relation to periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms
- LL-37 and its analog FF/CAP18 attenuate neutrophil migration in sepsis-induced acute lung injury.
- Myeloid cell-derived LL-37 promotes lung cancer growth by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 restoring glucocorticoid function in smoking and lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation in rats.
- Human cathelicidin improves colonic epithelial defenses against Salmonella typhimurium by modulating bacterial invasion, TLR4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
- Tissue-specific Regulation of Innate Immune Responses by Human Cathelicidin LL-37.
- Roles and Mechanisms of Human Cathelicidin LL-37 in Cancer.
- Upregulated expression of human cathelicidin LL-37 in hypercholesterolemia and its relationship with serum lipid levels.
- Circulating cathelicidin LL-37 in adult patients with pulmonary infectious diseases.
- Human cathelicidin, LL-37, inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection in polarized airway epithelial cells
- The human cathelicidin LL-37--A pore-forming antibacterial peptide and host-cell modulator.
- The Roles of Cathelicidin LL-37 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
- The Role of Cathelicidin LL-37 in Cancer Development.
- Human Cathelicidin Compensates for the Role of Apolipoproteins in Hepatitis C Virus Infectious Particle Formation.
- Human-derived cathelicidin LL-37 directly activates mast cells to proinflammatory mediator synthesis and migratory response.
- The Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 and Mimics are Potential Anticancer Drugs.
- Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Human cathelicidin LL-37 and its derivative IG-19 regulate interleukin-32-induced inflammation.
- Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Is Effective against both Extra- and Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus
- The Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Potential Treatment for Polymicrobial Infected Wounds
- Cathelicidin LL-37: a multitask antimicrobial peptide
- The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
- Cathelicidin LL-37 peptide regulates endothelial cell stiffness and endothelial barrier permeability.
- The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in regulatory T cells.
- The roles of cathelicidin LL-37 in immune defences and novel clinical applications.
- In vitro and in vivo wound healing-promoting activities of human cathelicidin LL-37
- Immunolocalization of defensins and cathelicidin in human glands of Moll.
- [Cathelicidin LL-37. A central factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses?].
- Heterogeneous expression of human cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37 in inflammatory bowel diseases.
- Effect of antibacterial cathelicidin peptide CAP18/LL-37 on sepsis in neonatal rats
- Pulmonary defense and the human cathelicidin hCAP-18/LL-37.
- The human cathelicidin LL-37: a multifunctional peptide involved in infection and inflammation in the lung.
- The cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide LL-37 is involved in re-epithelialization of human skin wounds and is lacking in chronic ulcer epithelium
- Participation of mammalian defensins and cathelicidins in anti-microbial immunity: receptors and activities of human defensins and cathelicidin (LL-37).