Dr. Grey AI

Squalene

Squalene is a triterpene found in olive oil, shark liver oil, and produced endogenously in humans as a cholesterol precursor. Some research suggests benefits for cholesterol and immune function. NO GRADED OUTCOMES. The 'sharks don't get cancer' myth was debunked (sharks do get cancer), but squalene may have modest health benefits. Available from plant sources (olive, amaranth) for those avoiding shark products. Used as vaccine adjuvant (MF59). Generally safe.

Quick Answer

What it is

Squalene is a triterpene found in olive oil, shark liver oil, and produced endogenously in humans as a cholesterol precursor. Some research suggests benefits for cholesterol and immune function.

Key findings

  • Grade D: Cholesterol Levels
  • Grade D: Antioxidant Status
  • Grade D: Immune Function

Safety

  • A 2020 systematic review identified 21 studies (3 human, 18 animal) on squalene and cardiovascular risk.
ℹ️ Quick Facts: Squalene

Quick Facts: Squalene

  • Best Evidence:Grade D
  • Conditions Studied:2
  • Research Outcomes:4
  • Key Effect:Antioxidant Status
Outcomes by grade:
A0
B0
C0
D4
2 conditions · 4 outcomes

Detailed Outcomes

|
D
Cholesterol Levels
A 2020 systematic review identified 21 studies (3 human, 18 animal) on squalene and cardiovascular risk. In animal models, 15 of 18 studies reported positive effects on lipid profiles, potentially via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition similar to statins. However, only 1 of 3 human studies showed a positive effect, and the reviewers concluded evidence remains insufficient for definitive claims.
small↓Improves
D
Antioxidant Status
Multiple reviews document squalene as a highly effective oxygen-scavenging agent that quenches singlet oxygen and prevents lipid peroxidation. In vitro studies confirm antioxidant activity, and squalene is a major lipid-soluble antioxidant in human skin (comprising ~13% of sebum). Mouse studies showed squalene increased paraoxonase 1 activity and decreased oxidative stress markers. Direct human supplementation trials for antioxidant endpoints are lacking.
small↑Improves
D
Immune Function
In mouse models, oral squalene supplementation produced dose-dependent increases in cellular and non-specific immune functions and enhanced host resistance to tumor challenge. Squalene-based vaccine adjuvants (MF59) are well-validated for enhancing immune responses in humans, stimulating both antibody and CD8 T cell responses via RIPK3-dependent pathways. However, these immune adjuvant data are specific to injected formulations rather than oral supplements.
small↑Improves
D
Skin Health
Reviews identify squalene as an emollient, antioxidant, and skin hydrator with potential for treating seborrheic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. One 90-day trial in women reported improved collagen levels, fewer facial wrinkles, and reduced skin redness and pigmentation from UV exposure. In vitro, squalane counteracted UVA-induced inhibition of collagen biosynthesis in human dermal fibroblasts. Evidence remains primarily preclinical.
small↑Improves

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