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Salidrosides

Salidroside is a compound from the Rhodiola rosea plant that appears to influence the body's stress-response system. People mostly look at it for fatigue and stress resilience, and the evidence is limited: human trials found anti-fatigue effects from Rhodiola extracts rich in salidroside. Those trials tested the whole extract, not salidroside alone, and most other research has been in animals or cells.

Sources: PMID 25101546; PMID 34092295

Best evidence
Grade C
Conditions studied
8
Outcomes
11
Graded outcomes
00110

Evidence by condition

  • Strong
  • Moderate
  • Limited
  • Very limited

8 conditions, plus general outcomes

General

General: outcomes studied for Salidrosides
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Fatigue and Stress Resilience

Anti-fatigue and adaptogenic effects have been demonstrated in human trials using Rhodiola rosea extract standardized for salidroside content. Salidroside is considered a key bioactive responsible for these effects via HPA axis modulation and monoamine system regulation, though human data is for the whole extract rather than isolated compound.

Changes; see studiesModerate effect6 studies
Systemic Inflammation

In vitro and animal studies show salidroside inhibits LPS-induced macrophage activation via MAPK/NF-kB and Notch signaling pathways. Salidroside also inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in endothelial cells and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine release in BV-2 microglia.

Improves (the measure goes down)Moderate effect8 studies
Depressive Symptoms

Salidroside showed antidepressant-like effects in olfactory bulbectomy rat models by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and normalizing HPA axis hyperactivity. Human antidepressant evidence exists only for whole Rhodiola rosea extract, not isolated salidroside.

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect6 studies
Alzheimer’s Disease: outcomes studied for Salidrosides
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Neuroprotection

Multiple preclinical studies demonstrate salidroside protects neurons against ischemia, polyglutamine toxicity, and oxidative damage in cell and animal models. Mechanisms include HSC70/BDNF signaling activation, antioxidant activity, and reduced neuroinflammation via MAPK/NF-kB pathways.

Improves (the measure goes up)Moderate effect9 studies

Antioxidant Status

  • Oxidative Stress: improves
Antioxidant Status: outcomes studied for Salidrosides
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Oxidative Stress

Multiple preclinical studies demonstrate salidroside reduces oxidative stress across diverse models including neuronal cells, cardiomyocytes, and C. elegans. Mechanisms involve direct antioxidant activity and upregulation of endogenous antioxidant defenses.

Improves (the measure goes down)Moderate effect8 studies

Cardiovascular Health

  • Cardiovascular Protection: improves
Cardiovascular Health: outcomes studied for Salidrosides
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Cardiovascular Protection

In preclinical models, salidroside protected H9c2 cardiomyocytes from ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis and inhibited platelet function and thrombus formation through AKT/GSK3β signaling. Endothelial cell protection via NLRP3 inhibition and autophagy enhancement has also been demonstrated.

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect7 studies
Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Cognitive Decline (AAMCD): outcomes studied for Salidrosides
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Cognitive Function

In an animal study, salidroside ameliorated memory and emotional behavior in adult mice. Preclinical models of cognitive impairment suggest salidroside may improve learning and memory through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect6 studies

Arthritis (Multiple Kinds)

  • Joint and Cartilage Degeneration: improves
Arthritis (Multiple Kinds): outcomes studied for Salidrosides
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Joint and Cartilage Degeneration

In rat models of osteoarthritis, salidroside relieved symptoms in the early acute stage and alleviated cartilage degeneration through NF-κB pathway modulation. No human clinical data is available for this outcome.

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect6 studies

Asthma

  • Airway Inflammation: improves
Asthma: outcomes studied for Salidrosides
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Airway Inflammation

In asthmatic mice, salidroside attenuated airway inflammation and remodeling via the miR-323-3p/SOCS5 axis. A separate study showed salidroside alleviated PM2.5-caused lung injury via NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition in animal models.

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect6 studies

Bladder Cancer

  • Bladder Cancer Cell Growth: improves
Bladder Cancer: outcomes studied for Salidrosides
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Bladder Cancer Cell Growth

In vitro, Rhodiola rosea extracts and salidroside decreased bladder cancer cell line growth via inhibition of the mTOR pathway and induction of autophagy. This is limited to a single cell-line study with no animal or human confirmation.

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect5 studies

Acute Mountain Sickness

  • Hypoxia Tolerance: improves
Acute Mountain Sickness: outcomes studied for Salidrosides
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Hypoxia Tolerance

Bioinformatics and metabolomics research suggests salidroside exerts anti-hypoxic effects by regulating the PTEN-mediated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Traditional use of Rhodiola at high altitude is consistent with this mechanism, but direct clinical evidence for isolated salidroside is lacking.

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect5 studies

Key findings

  • Fatigue and Stress ResilienceChanges; see studies
  • NeuroprotectionAlzheimer’s DiseaseImproves (the measure goes up)
  • Oxidative StressAntioxidant StatusImproves (the measure goes down)

Safety notes in the studies

  • Multiple preclinical studies demonstrate salidroside protects neurons against ischemia, polyglutamine toxicity, and oxidative damage in cell and animal models.

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  • Grade C

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Studies cited

23 studies from PubMed

  1. Salidroside directly activates HSC70, revealing a new role for HSC70 in BDNF signalling and neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia.Phytotherapy Research, 2024 · PMID 38488455
  2. Salidroside pretreatment alleviates PM2.5 caused lung injury via inhibition of apoptosis and pyroptosis through regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome.Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023 · PMID 37236293
  3. Network pharmacology analysis combined with experimental validation to explore the therapeutic mechanism of salidroside on intestine ischemia reperfusion.Bioscience Reports, 2023 · PMID 37530723
  4. Salidroside Attenuates Airway Inflammation and Remodeling via the miR-323-3p/SOCS5 Axis in Asthmatic Mice.International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 2022 · PMID 34856542
  5. Salidroside Exerts Beneficial Effect on Testicular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats.Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022 · PMID 35602096
  6. Safety of a Sustainably Produced, Bioengineered, Nature-Identical Salidroside Compound.Nutrients, 2022 · PMID 35684130
  7. Salidroside in the Treatment of NAFLD/NASH.Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2022 · PMID 36210339
  8. Salidroside protects endothelial cells against LPS-induced inflammatory injury by inhibiting NLRP3 and enhancing autophagy.BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2021 · PMID 34011327
  9. The bioinformatics and metabolomics research on anti-hypoxic molecular mechanisms of Salidroside via regulating the PTEN mediated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2021 · PMID 34092295
  10. Contribution of salidroside to the relieve of symptom and sign in the early acute stage of osteoarthritis in rat model.Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020 · PMID 32315736
  11. Salidroside Alleviates Cartilage Degeneration Through NF-κB Pathway in Osteoarthritis Rats.Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2020 · PMID 32341638
  12. Salidroside inhibits platelet function and thrombus formation through AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway.Aging, 2020 · PMID 32352928
  13. Salidroside as a potential neuroprotective agent for ischemic stroke: a review of sources, pharmacokinetics, mechanism and safety.Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2020 · PMID 32603893
  14. Salidroside Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-ethanol-induced Activation of Proinflammatory Macrophages via Notch Signaling Pathway.Current Medical Science, 2019 · PMID 31346986
  15. Salidroside inhibits inflammatory factor release in BV-2 cells through p38 and JNK pathways.Acta Physiologica Sinica, 2018 · PMID 29926065
  16. Salidroside protects against kainic acid-induced status epilepticus via suppressing oxidative stress.Neuroscience Letters, 2016 · PMID 26940236
  17. Salidroside, a Bioactive Compound of Rhodiola Rosea, Ameliorates Memory and Emotional Behavior in Adult Mice.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2016 · PMID 26967223
  18. Salidroside exhibits anti-dengue virus activity by upregulating host innate immune factors.Archives of Virology, 2016 · PMID 27581807
  19. Salidroside protects Caenorhabditis elegans neurons from polyglutamine-mediated toxicity by reducing oxidative stress.Molecules, 2014 · PMID 24918543
  20. Antidepressant-like effects of salidroside on olfactory bulbectomy-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and hyperactivity of HPA axis in rats.Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 2014 · PMID 25101546
  21. Salidroside attenuates LPS-stimulated activation of THP-1 cell-derived macrophages through down-regulation of MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathways.Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2013 · PMID 23904362
  22. Rhodiola rosea extracts and salidroside decrease the growth of bladder cancer cell lines via inhibition of the mTOR pathway and induction of autophagy.Molecular Carcinogenesis, 2012 · PMID 21520297
  23. Salidroside and tyrosol from Rhodiola protect H9c2 cells from ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis.Life Sciences, 2012 · PMID 22771701