Condition
Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Intrauterine growth restriction is when a baby in the womb grows more slowly than expected, usually because the placenta isn't delivering enough blood, oxygen and nutrients. The evidence is strongest for low-dose aspirin, which supports placental blood flow, with moderate evidence for omega-3 fatty acids and L-arginine. Aspirin is a prescription medicine, and fish oil studies were small, with birth weight changing in a direction that stayed unclear.
- Supplements studied
- 1
- Graded outcomes
- 1
- People studied
- 2,783
Evidence by supplement
- Strong
- Moderate
- Limited
- Very limited
| Grade | Outcome | Effect | Size | Studies | People | Studies list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant Birth Weight Small Increase | Improves (the measure goes down) | Small effect | 2,302 people | |||
| Pre-Eclampsia Risk | Changes; see studies | 1 study | 1,831 people | |||
Studies that measured pre-eclampsia risk | ||||||
Key findings
- Infant Birth WeightImproves (the measure goes down)
The Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) Prevention and Support protocol
2 primary supplements · 6 supporting supplements
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil)1–2 g DHA+EPA daily (ensure low mercury source)
- L-Arginine3–6 g daily in divided doses
Studies cited
100 studies from PubMed
- A comparison of the effects of n-3 fatty acids from linseed oil and fish oil in well-controlled type II diabetes
- Effect of omega 3 fatty acid on plasma lipids, cholesterol and lipoprotein fatty acid content in NIDDM patients
- Dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, but not with other long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreases natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects aged >55 y
- Metabolic and endocrine effects of long-chain versus essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in polycystic ovary syndrome
- DHA-rich oil modulates the cerebral haemodynamic response to cognitive tasks in healthy young adults: a near IR spectroscopy pilot study
- Effects of a Small Quantity of omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in NIDDM. A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Controlled Study
- Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Attenuate Progression of Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease
- Early impact of prescription Omega-3 fatty acids on platelet biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertriglyceridemia
- Fish oil supplementation for primary prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized clinical trial
- Intake of n-3 fatty acids from fish does not lower serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in healthy subjects
- A systematic review of fish-oil supplements for the prevention and treatment of hypertension
- Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
- A controlled study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients
- Effects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemia
- Effect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
- Prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters reduce fasting and postprandial triglycerides and modestly reduce pancreatic β-cell response in subjects with primary hypertriglyceridemia
- Additive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic women
- Effects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters on fasting lipid profile in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia
- A comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDM
- The hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose control
- Effect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adults
- Acute fish oil and soy isoflavone supplementation increase postprandial serum (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and isoflavones but do not affect triacylglycerols or biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese hypertriglyceridemic men
- Dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemia
- Combined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic persons
- The effect of low-dose marine n-3 fatty acids on the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase pathway metabolites in overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial
- The influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and very low calorie diet during a short-term weight reducing regimen on weight loss and serum fatty acid composition in severely obese women
- Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA does not promote weight loss when combined with a very-low-energy diet
- Moderate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restriction
- Effects of fish oil supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM
- Metabolic effects of omega-3 fatty acids in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients
- Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids for 2 months has no detrimental effect on glucose metabolism and could ameliorate the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic men. Results of a controlled study
- Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes patients
- Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systematic review
- Effect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDM
- Fish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes
- Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- Effects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled study
- The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels of type 2 diabetic patients
- Treatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study
- Randomized Controlled Trial of DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy: Child Adiposity Outcomes
- Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves vascular function and reduces inflammation in obese adolescents
- Is fish oil supplementation effective on maternal serum FBS, oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin and hematocrit in low risk pregnant women? A triple-blind randomized controlled trial
- Effect of 6 Weeks of n-3 fatty-acid supplementation on oxidative stress in Judo athletes
- The effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men
- The effects of fish oil and isoflavones on delayed onset muscle soreness
- Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over study
- Dietary fish oil decreases C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and triacylglycerol to HDL-cholesterol ratio in postmenopausal women on HRT
- Supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-rac alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteers
- Fish oil supplementation alters circulating eicosanoid concentrations in young healthy men
- The effects of low dose n-3 fatty acids on serum lipid profiles and insulin resistance of the elderly: a randomized controlled clinical trial
- Effect of fish oil (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
- Effect of dietary supplementation with increasing doses of docosahexaenoic acid on neutrophil lipid composition and leukotriene production in human healthy volunteers
- No effect of fish oil supplementation on serum inflammatory markers and their interrelationships: a randomized controlled trial in healthy, middle-aged individuals
- Effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids on serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients
- Influence of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids on plasma markers of inflammation in middle-aged men
- Influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on soluble cellular adhesion molecules as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in young healthy subjects
- Effect of dietary fish oil on body fat mass and basal fat oxidation in healthy adults
- The effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein: a dose-response study
- Effects of fish oil on the neuro-endocrine responses to an endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteers
- Blunting the response to endotoxin in healthy subjects: effects of various doses of intravenous fish oil
- Effect of Fish Oil on Insulin Sensitivity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials.
- Omega-3 supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a randomized clinical study
- Fish oil supplementation augments post-exercise immune function in young males
- Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on postprandial triglycerides and monocyte activation
- The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid-fortified food on inflammatory markers in healthy subjects--A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
- Limited effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell numbers and functions in healthy young males
- The synergistic effects of ω-3 fatty acids and nano-curcumin supplementation on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene expression and serum level in migraine patients
- Dietary supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid or fish oil decreases T lymphocyte proliferation in healthy older humans
- Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases liver fat content in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial
- Efficacy of fish oil supplementation on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a meta-analysis.
- DHA-rich Fish Oil Increases the Omega-3 Index and Lowers the Oxygen Cost of Physiologically Stressful Cycling in Trained Individuals
- n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During 4 Weeks of Training Leads to Improved Anaerobic Endurance Capacity, but not Maximal Strength, Speed, or Power in Soccer Players
- Age- and dose-dependent effects of an eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjects
- Moderate doses of EPA and DHA from re-esterified triacylglycerols but not from ethyl-esters lower fasting serum triacylglycerols in statin-treated dyslipidemic subjects: Results from a six month randomized controlled trial
- n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched dairy products are able to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: a double-blind, cross-over study
- The effect of prescription omega-3 fatty acids on body weight after 8 to 16 weeks of treatment for very high triglyceride levels
- The effect of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation on premenstrual syndrome and health-related quality of life: a randomized clinical trial
- Cognitive and physiological effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjects
- Omega-3 fatty acids (fish-oil) and depression-related cognition in healthy volunteers
- Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on postpartum depression and information processing
- High-dose eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) improves attention and vigilance in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and low endogenous EPA levels
- Effect of supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on behavior and cognition in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized placebo-controlled intervention trial
- Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial
- Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline
- Effect of long-term omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation with or without multidomain intervention on cognitive function in elderly adults with memory complaints (MAPT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
- Omega-3 Supplementation and the Neural Correlates of Negative Affect and Impulsivity: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Midlife Adults
- Omega-3 fatty acids for a better mental state in working populations - Happy Nurse Project: A 52-week randomized controlled trial
- Blood profiles, body fat and mood state in healthy subjects on different diets supplemented with Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Do long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduce arterial stiffness? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
- Effect of low doses of long-chain n-3 PUFAs on endothelial function and arterial stiffness: a randomized controlled trial
- A meta-analysis shows that docosahexaenoic acid from algal oil reduces serum triglycerides and increases HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in persons without coronary heart disease
- Influence of age and dietary fish oil on plasma soluble adhesion molecule concentrations
- Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on C-peptide preservation in pregnant women with type-1 diabetes: randomized placebo controlled clinical trial
- Effects of dietary modification and fish oil supplementation on dyslipoproteinemia in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus
- A randomised interventional trial of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus
- Beneficial effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus and its relationship to the cytokine network
- Effect of MaxEPA in patients with SLE. A double-blind, crossover study
- The clinical effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fish oils and/or copper in systemic lupus erythematosus
- Fish oil in lupus nephritis: clinical findings and methodological implications