Trichopus zeylanicus

In rodent models, Trichopus zeylanicus extracts (250-500 mg/kg) significantly increased swimming endurance time in young rats (p<0.005) and aged mice (p<0.01) without amphetamine-mimetic activity. Multiple independent groups have confirmed anti-fatigue effects, with one study showing enhanced free fatty acid utilization over glucose during exercise. Traditional use by the Kani tribe for sustained physical activity is consistent with these findings.

In rodent models, the glyco-peptido-lipid fraction showed significant dose-dependent antistress activity across multiple stress paradigms including immobilization-induced gastric ulceration, adjuvant-induced trauma, and chemical stress. Seed extracts also prevented stress-induced gastric ulcers and increased swimming performance in adrenalectomized mice. Compared favorably to Withania somnifera in one study. No mortality observed at doses up to 3000 mg/kg.

In rodent models, methanol extract (100 mg/kg) showed hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, restoring serum enzyme markers and reducing lipid peroxidation. Separate studies confirmed protection against mercury chloride and ibuprofen-induced liver damage, with benefits attributed to modulation of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic signaling, and antioxidant restoration.

In animal models, the alkaloid fraction demonstrated dose-dependent immunomodulation: increased neutrophil adhesion (50-54%), enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, and significantly increased WBC, RBC, and hemoglobin (P<0.001). Prevented cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. The adaptogenic glyco-peptido-lipid fraction also enhanced immune function in normal and immunosuppressed animals.

In male mice, ethanol extract stimulated sexual behavior with dose-dependent increases in mount frequency and mating performance. The effect was cumulative, with 6-day administration more effective than a single dose. The active component was heat-sensitive and present only in ethanol extract (not water or hexane). Offspring from treated males showed normal development.

In vitro, Trichopus zeylanicus significantly scavenged free radicals, reduced lipid peroxidation, inhibited lipoxygenase activity, exhibited iron-chelating activity, and protected against ROS-induced DNA damage. The herb contains NADH, polyphenols, and sulfhydryl compounds. In aged mice, the extract increased antioxidant status in liver mitochondria and showed greater lipid peroxidation inhibition than Ganoderma lucidum.