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Glucagon (GlucaGen/Gvoke/Baqsimi)

Peptide

Glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide hormone. FDA-approved in 1998 for severe hypoglycemia emergency treatment. Phase 3 trials show 99-100% treatment success. Median time to glucose recovery 10-13 minutes. Available as injectable kit, autoinjector (Gvoke), and nasal powder (Baqsimi). Approved for ages ≥2 years (injectable) and ≥4 years (nasal).

Quick Answer

What it is

Glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide hormone. FDA-approved in 1998 for severe hypoglycemia emergency treatment.

Key findings

  • Grade A: Glucose Recovery (Severe Hypoglycemia)
  • Grade A: Time to Recovery (Severe Hypoglycemia)
  • Grade A: Symptom Relief (Severe Hypoglycemia)

Safety

No specific caution or interaction language was detected in the current summary/outcome notes.

⚠️ Research Notice

This peptide information is for educational and research purposes only. Peptides may not be FDA-approved for human use and may only be legally available for research purposes. Consult qualified healthcare professionals before considering any peptide compounds.

ℹ️ Quick Facts: Glucagon (GlucaGen/Gvoke/Baqsimi)

Quick Facts: Glucagon (GlucaGen/Gvoke/Baqsimi)

  • Best Evidence:Grade A
  • Conditions Studied:1
  • Research Outcomes:10
  • Grade A Findings:4
  • Grade B Findings:1
  • Key Effect:Severe Hypoglycemia
A4
B1
C3
D2
1 conditions · 10 outcomes

Detailed Outcomes

A
Glucose Recovery
99-100% achieve glucose >70 mg/dL within 30 min. Median time 10-13 min. Non-inferior across all delivery methods (IM, SC, nasal).
large↑Improves
A
Time to Recovery
Median 10-12 min to plasma glucose recovery. Dasiglucagon: 65% recover within 10 min. Nasal: 11-16 min mean time to success.
large↓Improves
A
Symptom Relief
Rapid resolution of neuroglycopenic symptoms. Return of consciousness within 15-20 minutes in most patients.
large↑Worsens
A
Treatment Success Rate
Phase 3: 100% success in children, 99% in adults. Autoinjector non-inferior to emergency kit. Nasal non-inferior to IM injection.
large↑Improves
B
Blood Glucose Control
30 human trials and systematic reviews support this finding. Evidence includes systematic reviews/meta-analyses. Human clinical trial data available.
moderate↓Improves
C
Liver Protection
14 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.
moderate↑Improves
C
Lipid Profile
4 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.
small↓Improves
C
Body Weight
3 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.
small↓Improves
D
Immune Function
2 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.
small↑Improves
D
Kidney Function
2 preclinical studies support this finding. Primarily preclinical evidence.
small↑Improves

Research Citations (42)

Shared mechanistic pathways of glucagon signalling: Unlocking its potential for treating obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and other cardio-kidney-metabolic conditions.
(2025)
PMID: 41025406
Glucagon in metabolic disease: a mini-review of emerging multi-organ roles beyond glycemic control.
(2025)
PMID: 40822953
Low-Dose Glucagon to Prevent and Treat Exercise-Associated Hypoglycemia in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
(2025)
PMID: 40834249
Variable glucagon metabolic actions in diverse mouse models of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
(2024)
PMID: 39536823
Glucagon
(2023)
PMID: 29939616
A physiologic increase in brain glucagon action alters the hepatic gluconeogenic/glycogenolytic ratio but not glucagon's overall effect on glucose production.
(2023)
PMID: 36652399
Comparison of a ready-to-use liquid glucagon injection administered by autoinjector to glucagon emergency kit for the symptomatic relief of severe hypoglycemia: two randomized crossover non-inferiority studies
(2022)
PMID: 34620618
Dasiglucagon Effectively Mitigates Postbariatric Postprandial Hypoglycemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial
(2022)
PMID: 35320361
Regulation of Hepatic Lipid and Glucose Metabolism by INSP3R1.
(2022)
PMID: 35657697
Glucagon receptor antagonism impairs and glucagon receptor agonism enhances triglycerides metabolism in mice.
(2022)
PMID: 36400402